Bioscience Evidence 2026, Vol.16, No.4, 264-276 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/be 269 experimental farming to regional and large-scale pond production. After M. rosenbergii was introduced into China in 1976, cultivation was first carried out in regions such as Guangdong and later expanded to the Yangtze River Delta areas, including Jiangsu and Zhejiang. Around 2009, China had established a relatively complete system for seed production and commercial prawn farming. The national farming area of M. rosenbergii approached 30,000 ha, with an annual production of approximately 135 000 t, and the Yangtze River Delta became one of the major production regions (Yang et al., 2012). Hai et al. (2015) selected five M. rosenbergii farms in Zhejiang Province and investigated 19 ponds. Water quality monitoring was conducted during the peak farming period from July to September 2013. The study measured water temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), transparency, total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and chlorophyll a to evaluate environmental conditions in different ponds. The results showed that pond water temperature ranged from 26.13 ℃ to 34.2 ℃, and exceeded the optimal growth temperature range of M. rosenbergii during some periods. During high-temperature summer conditions, elevated water temperature increased prawn metabolism while reducing the oxygen-holding capacity of water. Dissolved oxygen levels varied greatly, ranging from 1.21 to 8.36 mg/L, with clear differences among farms. Some ponds maintained suitable oxygen conditions, whereas others experienced low oxygen problems during cultivation. In addition, most ponds showed relatively high total nitrogen and total phosphorus levels. Nutritional status evaluation indicated that ponds in different farms experienced mild, moderate, or even severe eutrophication. Changes in chlorophyll a content suggested that algal growth was influenced by nutrient availability, and some ponds faced risks of excessive algal proliferation. With increasing feed input and prolonged culture periods, nutrient accumulation may occur, requiring aeration, feeding control, and water quality regulation to maintain suitable farming conditions. 4.2 Changes in environmental management of Chinese pond aquaculture systems Water quality management problems in M. rosenbergii aquaculture are not only related to this species but also represent common environmental challenges during the rapid development of Chinese pond aquaculture. In traditional pond farming systems, long-term feeding practices result in uneaten feed and animal excreta entering the pond environment, increasing nutrient accumulation such as nitrogen and phosphorus and further affecting water quality. Chinese pond aquaculture is gradually shifting from simply increasing production toward greater emphasis on water environmental management and ecological regulation (Liu et al., 2021). Duan et al. (2024) analyzed long-term monitoring data to evaluate changes in water quality trends in Chinese ponds. During decades of aquaculture expansion, some regions experienced declining water environmental quality, mainly characterized by nutrient accumulation and increased eutrophication risks. However, with the promotion of ecological aquaculture technologies, pond renovation, and green farming practices, pond water environments in China have shown improvement after 2012. Enhancing the environmental carrying capacity of aquaculture systems is an important approach for reducing farming risks. Because M. rosenbergii ponds also rely on feed input to maintain high production levels, problems such as ammonia nitrogen accumulation, nitrite accumulation, and organic matter enrichment gradually appear with extended culture periods. Experiences from Chinese ecological pond management indicate that optimizing farming inputs, strengthening water quality monitoring, and applying ecological regulation measures can effectively reduce the risk of water deterioration. 4.3 Regulation of M. rosenbergii water quality using biofloc and probiotics In recent years, biofloc technology and probiotic applications have become important approaches for water quality regulation in M. rosenbergii aquaculture. Qiu et al. (2023) conducted a biofloc culture experiment in Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, to investigate the effects of different microbial treatments on water quality, growth performance, and health status of M. rosenbergii. The experiment was conducted in a biofloc system with a carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C/N) of 15 and included different treatments: no microbial addition, Bacillus subtilis addition, and compound effective microorganism addition. During cultivation, total nitrogen changes in the water
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