Bioscience Evidence 2026, Vol.16, No.4, 264-276 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/be 268 feeding amount and improvement of feed utilization efficiency are important measures for reducing pond pollution loads. In a biofloc experiment with M. rosenbergii ponds, reducing conventional feeding by 20% did not affect growth or production. The 80% feeding treatment achieved the lowest feed conversion ratio (1.40), while the non-biofloc control group showed a value of 2.13. This indicates that microbial natural feed can simultaneously reduce feeding pressure and pollution load (Islam et al., 2023). Different carbon sources and co-fermentation strategies also influence the effectiveness of partially replacing feed with microbial biomass. In a 35-day late-stage larval experiment, the symbiotic system using pretreated rice bran maintained suitable water quality while achieving the highest final body weight and weekly weight gain. A nursery study using rice bran and mixed probiotics found that longer anaerobic-aerobic pretreatment did not change the stabilization time of nitrogen compounds but improved final average weight and production per unit volume (Dos Santos et al., 2022). 3.4 Ecological management Compared with relying only on water exchange and aeration, ecological aquaculture models improve water quality by using plants, filter-feeding organisms, and other cultured species to absorb and transform nutrients in the water. An integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) study of M. rosenbergii established six culture systems, including M. rosenbergii monoculture, M. rosenbergii + duckweed, M. rosenbergii + silver carp, M. rosenbergii + bivalves + silver carp, M. rosenbergii + bivalves + duckweed, and M. rosenbergii + bivalves + duckweed + silver carp. The experiment lasted 64 days, and water quality parameters and prawn growth were monitored every 10 days (Dong et al., 2018) (Table 1). The bivalve + duckweed + silver carp combination system (PMPF) showed better ecological performance, with the highest dissolved oxygen level. Duckweed could absorb nitrogen and phosphorus from water and reduce the risk of excessive phytoplankton growth. Compared with monoculture systems, multi-trophic combinations improved nutrient utilization efficiency and increased system stability. Plant co-culture and the introduction of cleaning organisms provide more direct pond purification effects. Co-culture of M. rosenbergii with Hydrilla verticillata showed that dissolved oxygen, pH, nitrogen, phosphorus, total ammonia nitrogen, nitrite, and nitrate levels were significantly lower than those in monoculture systems. Under a stocking density of 20 individuals/m² and 80% of conventional feeding, the survival rate reached 96.2%, with an average final weight of 68.5 g and a production of 879.1 kg/ha. Marketable size was achieved within six months (Ma et al., 2020). This system reduced commercial feed requirements to 20% of those in conventional farming and significantly improved profit and internal rate of return, demonstrating that water quality improvement and cost control can be achieved simultaneously. Table 1 Mean ± SE weight gain of the prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii and final weight of the prawns and output of carp and mussels (with shells) in different experimental treatments after 64 d. Treatment groups are as follows: MP: monoculture prawn; PP: prawn in culture with aquatic plants (duckweed Lemna minor); PF: prawn with fish (silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix); PMF: prawn with mussels (Anodonta sp.) and fish; PMP: prawn with mussels and aquatic plants; PMPF: prawn with mussels, aquatic plants and fish (Adopted from Dong et al., 2018) Group Initial weight (g) Final weight (g) Weight gain (%) Specific growth rate (% d⁻¹) Survival rate (%) Silver carp output (g) Anodontasp. output (g) MP 7.07 ± 0.86 19.26 ± 0.04 172.11 ± 0.59 2.93 ± 0.00 72.96 ± 4.92 PP 7.07 ± 0.86 18.18 ± 3.88 156.86 ± 54.82 2.81 ± 0.39 80.94 ± 11.80 PF 7.07 ± 0.86 22.44 ± 2.10 216.93 ± 29.69 3.07 ± 0.09 68.02 ± 3.69 403 ± 37.0 PMF 7.07 ± 0.86 23.98 ± 2.56 238.69 ± 36.20 3.13 ± 0.11 62.21 ± 7.92 561 ± 0.05 307 ± 93.6 PMP 7.07 ± 0.86 17.91 ± 0.79 153.03 ± 11.27 2.85 ± 0.04 84.27 ± 3.10 250 ± 74.3 PMPF 7.07 ± 0.86 22.96 ± 4.16 248.48 ± 47.62 3.07 ± 0.17 76.94 ± 8.09 740 ± 37.0 492 ± 58.0 4 Case Studies of Macrobrachium rosenbergii Aquaculture in China 4.1 Zhejiang: intensive pond aquaculture The development of M. rosenbergii aquaculture in China has experienced a transition from small-scale
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