Molecular Pathogens, 2025, Vol.16, No.2, 61-68 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/mp 66 different places to confirm that they are easy to use in various environments (Yu et al., 2020). To make rapeseed stronger and more resistant to disease, a better way is to combine multiple resistance genes to breed long-acting disease-resistant varieties. This is also an important direction of breeding work at present. Figure 3 Transformation of AtGDSL1 and BnGDSL1 in rapeseed and disease symptoms of inoculated transgenic plants S sclerotinia stem rot (Adopted from Ding et al., 2019) 8 Challenges and Future Prospects in Genetic Resistance Research 8.1 Durability of resistance genes and co-evolution with pathogens Rapeseed’s disease resistance may weaken over time. Because plants and bacteria are evolving in the “you chase me”. Sometimes, if the bacteria adapt too quickly, the originally effective disease-resistant gene will become ineffective. For example, diseases like sclerotinia stem rot can easily “break through the defense line”. This requires us to find more stable and durable resistance methods, such as resistance that is driven by multiple genes, that is, resistance controlled by quantitative trait sites (QTLs) (Starosta et al., 2024). Now, scientists will combine genome prediction with genome-wide association analysis (GWAS), which makes it easier to find resistance genes that are not easily “breaked” by bacteria (Roy et al., 2021). 8.2 Impacts of climate change on disease prevalence and resistance expression The weather has changed and the disease has become more difficult to prevent. Changes in temperature and humidity will affect the growth of bacteria and the performance of resistance genes. Perhaps the originally effective disease-resistant varieties are less effective in new environments (Ding et al., 2021). Therefore, we need to study the relationship between environment and resistance genes and see which genes can work in various weather, so that we can breed more reliable disease-resistant rapeseed varieties. 8.3 Potential applications of emerging technologies (e.g., multi-omics integration) There are many new technologies now that can help us study the resistance of rapeseed more quickly. For example, scientists will study genes, RNA expression and metabolites at the same time, which is called “multiomic
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