Molecular Pathogens, 2025, Vol.16, No.2, 61-68 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/mp 65 better control the number of pests (Jajor et al., 2020). Genetic resistance can also work with some factors in natural ecosystems. Doing so can reduce dependence on chemical pesticides, maintain ecological balance, and contribute to the development of greener and more sustainable agriculture (Green et al., 2020). 6.2 Integration of resistance genes with chemical control strategies It is also a very common practice to combine resistance genes with chemical prevention and control. Many genetically engineered crops now have the characteristics of anti-insects and disease. If used in conjunction with pesticides, pests and diseases can be controlled more effectively (Anderson et al., 2019). This not only improves the prevention and control effect, but also reduces the number and dosage of pesticides, reduces the damage to the environment, and also slows down the development of pesticide resistance of pests (Lefebvre et al., 2020). For example, some resistance varieties for rapeseed black shank disease are good examples of the combination of resistance genes and chemical prevention and control methods, which can not only prevent diseases but also reduce yield loss (Fu et al., 2020). 6.3 Complementary roles of biological control techniques and resistance genes Resistance genes can also be used together with biological control and play a role in cooperation. Resistant varieties can reduce the number of pests to a certain extent, and natural natural enemies or artificially stocked biological control agents can work better (Niemann et al., 2020). For example, some rapeseed varieties that are resistant to pests such as diamondback moths and aphids have been bred. Using these varieties and biological control means together will not only have better prevention and control effects, but also reduce the use of pesticides and better protect the ecological environment and biodiversity (Huang et al., 2020). 7 Case Study: Development and Promotion of Sclerotinia-Resistant Rapeseed Varieties 7.1 Targeted pathogens and evaluation criteria for resistance Sclerotia rape is a common disease of rapeseed, which can cause stem rot and affect yield and oil quality (Yu et al., 2023). To evaluate the disease resistance of rapeseed, it mainly depends on whether it can resist infection, or whether it is not serious after getting sick. During evaluation, we will observe how big the lesions on the leaves and stems are, and also the health and yield performance of the entire plant. Researchers will also use some genetic markers and quantitative trait sites (QTLs) to find highly resistant varieties, which is very helpful for breeding (Zhang et al., 2022). 7.2 Discovery of resistance genes and breeding process of varieties Finding key resistance genes is an important step in breeding. Genes like BnaC4.PR2 and BnGLP1 have been shown to help plants improve resistance, such as defense against diseases through systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and reactive oxygen species production (ROS) (Ding et al., 2019). Three rapeseed plants are shown in the picture: one is the ordinary wild type, and two are genetically modified AtGDSL1 18 and BnGDSL1 28. After infection with bacteria, the leaves of genetically modified plants have smaller lesions and are healthier overall. This shows that the GDSL1 gene can indeed help plants to better resist bacteria. The experiment also found that lesions grew more slowly between 24 and 60 hours, indicating that this resistance is continuously effective. Transgenic plants also have higher lipase activity, which may help them produce more reactive oxygen species, which triggers the plant's defense system (Figure 3). This is why they show stronger resistance. During the breeding process, researchers will use this genetic knowledge to breed new varieties. It not only relies on traditional methods, but also uses gene editing technologies, such as CRISPR/Cas9, which can accurately modify genes like BnQCR8 and improve disease resistance (Zhang et al., 2021). There are also some studies that introduce the OsPGIP6 gene in rice into rapeseed, which also helps to enhance disease resistance. 7.3 Practical outcomes and experiences in promotion Now, some antibacterial sclerotia rape varieties have begun to be used. After planting these varieties, the yield in the field becomes more stable, the diseases are less, and pesticides are used less, so the cost will naturally decrease (Yin et al., 2022). However, there are still some difficulties when promoting these varieties on a large scale. For example, if genetically modified varieties need to pass the supervision level, they need to be tested repeatedly in
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