Bioscience Evidence 2026, Vol.16, No.4, 264-276 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/be 271 Figure 2 Optimal stocking density optimizes production and economic benefits in the rice-prawn co-culture system (Adapted from Hou et al., 2025) Figure 3 Shangyu Xinda Ecological Agricultural Development Co., Ltd. Breeding Base (Left: High-Quality Water Body; Right: High-Quality Shrimp) 5 Production Responses after Water Environment Improvement 5.1 Growth and health The most direct production responses after improving water conditions are increased weight gain, higher specific growth rate, and improved production performance of Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Biofloc technology promotes microbial utilization of organic matter and inorganic nitrogen in water, reduces the accumulation of pollutants such as ammonia nitrogen, and simultaneously produces microbial protein that provides additional nutrition for prawns. In a M. rosenbergii farming experiment in Bangladesh, all growth indicators in the biofloc treatment group were significantly higher than those in the non-biofloc control group. The highest production reached (939.02±6.61) kg/ha, while the control group only reached (779.67±7.50) kg/ha (Islam et al., 2023). During the nursery stage, symbiotic systems regulated by different organic carbon sources also improved water conditions and promoted growth. Among them, the raw rice bran pretreated symbiotic system (RBf) achieved the highest final body weight (122.85±12.50 mg) and weekly weight gain (22.26±2.97 mg) (Batista Santos et al., 2021). However, improvement of water conditions does not always result in simultaneous increases in all production indicators. The effects depend on farming systems, management levels, and culture stages. A 119-day summer culture experiment in Korea showed that biofloc systems stabilized changes in ammonia nitrogen and nitrite, but final production, survival rate, and feed conversion ratio were similar to those in traditional pond culture (Park et al., 2024). Probiotics have shown positive effects in health management by regulating microbial balance, inhibiting potential pathogens, and enhancing immune responses. These effects improve the stress resistance of M. rosenbergii and reduce the risks of viral, bacterial, and fungal diseases (Ahmmed et al., 2023). 5.2 Efficiency and market performance Another important result of water environment improvement is enhanced feed utilization efficiency and reduced production costs. In M. rosenbergii aquaculture, feed input not only determines growth rate but also represents an
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