Bioscience Evidence 2026, Vol.16, No.4, 264-276 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/be 265 Traditional monoculture and high-density farming often lead to organic matter accumulation and nitrogen and phosphorus enrichment due to uneaten feed, feces, and excessive feeding. These problems can further cause water quality deterioration, pathogen proliferation, algal community imbalance, and environmental pollution from discharge. The ecological stability of ponds is not only affected by water parameters but also influenced by sediment conditions and water-soil interactions. As the culture period progresses, the waste carrying capacity decreases, organic matter continuously accumulates, and water quality and soil conditions undergo dynamic coupling changes, which ultimately affect production patterns (Ariadi et al., 2025). After applying intelligent monitoring and water quality control systems, M. rosenbergii achieved a survival rate of 93.3% within 120 days and reached healthy marketable size, indicating the practical value of precise management strategies (Songpayome et al., 2024). Based on these considerations, this study aims to systematically summarize the regulation mechanisms of key water quality factors in M. rosenbergii aquaculture based on current farming practices. It compares the effects of different management approaches, including biofloc technology, probiotics, integrated aquaculture, and intelligent monitoring, on growth performance, health status, and ecological stability. Furthermore, this study explores the relationships among maintaining pond ecological stability, improving resource utilization efficiency, and reducing environmental risks. The results are expected to provide a basis for establishing a water quality management framework for M. rosenbergii aquaculture that integrates production, health, environmental sustainability, and economic feasibility. It may also provide theoretical support for the transition of this industry from experience-based management toward evidence-based and ecological management. 2 Water Environmental Factors inMacrobrachium rosenbergii Aquaculture 2.1 Dissolved oxygen and temperature Dissolved oxygen is a fundamental condition for maintaining metabolism, feeding activity, and normal growth of Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Both field observations and experimental studies have shown that fluctuations in dissolved oxygen directly affect aquaculture performance. In a hatchery in Indonesia, during larval cultivation, dissolved oxygen maintained at 7~8 mg/L and temperature at 27 ℃~28 ℃ resulted in a hatching rate of 54.7% and a survival rate of 40.6% (Wiguno and Dewi, 2022). In a comparison of juvenile culture systems in Brazil, dissolved oxygen levels in both recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) and biofloc systems were approximately 7.16~7.19 mg/L, and no significant differences were observed in survival rate, specific growth rate, or weight gain during the 30-day experiment (Ballester et al., 2017). In ponds in Bangladesh, when dissolved oxygen ranged from 5.33 to 6.17 mg/L, different stocking densities still achieved survival rates of 61.01%~75.02%, while the low-density group showed higher weight gain and production (Samad et al., 2016). Temperature has a more direct influence on M. rosenbergii because it determines metabolic intensity and environmental stress thresholds. Under air-saturated dissolved oxygen conditions, within the range of 20 ℃~30 ℃, growth almost doubled with every 5 ℃ increase in temperature, while the feed conversion ratio showed little change (Farmanfarmaian and Moore, 1978). Late-stage larvae of M. rosenbergii grew well at both 27 ℃ and 30 ℃, with no significant difference in growth rate between the two temperatures. The suitable temperature range is generally considered to be 26 ℃~31 ℃ (Tay et al., 2022). Individuals showed normal behavior between 22 ℃ and 30 ℃, but abnormal behavior and mortality occurred at 34 ℃. At 38 ℃, the 24 h survival rate decreased to 33.33%, and all individuals died within 72 h. Meanwhile, total hemocyte count and differential hemocyte count significantly decreased at temperatures ≥34 ℃ (Bir et al., 2024). A temperature of 30 ℃ resulted in the fastest molting and the highest growth increase. Although individuals could survive outside this range, growth efficiency declined (Habashy and Sharshar, 2020). 2.2 pH and nitrogen compounds Maintaining pH balance is essential for pond environmental stability and successful early development, especially for larvae and juvenile prawns (Figure 1). A 30-day larval experiment showed that under neutral pH conditions (7.7±0.4), larvae began metamorphosis into postlarvae on day 23. Mild acidic conditions (pH 6.4±0.5) significantly inhibited feeding, growth, and survival, and delayed metamorphosis until day 30. Under strongly
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