Bioscience Evidence 2026, Vol.16, No.4, 249-263 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/be 253 combining these methods with sex pheromone traps. Under this integrated system, insecticide use has been reduced by about 50% (Zhu et al., 2022) (Figure 2). Solar-powered light traps continuously capture important rice pests, including yellow stem borers, rice leaffolders, brown planthoppers, and leafhoppers. Field results showed that these traps reduced the number of pesticide applications and lowered pesticide costs without reducing rice yield. Because light traps also capture some beneficial insects, they are most effective when used together with field monitoring and selective control rather than as a replacement for all pest management practices. Heavy reliance on chemical insecticides often reduces natural enemy populations and can lead to secondary pest outbreaks. Therefore, sustainable rice production encourages biological control and the conservation of beneficial insects. In Zhejiang rice fields, nectar-producing plants such as sesame grown on field bunds increase the activity of Trichogramma wasps, the rice planthopper egg parasitoid Anagrus, and predatory mirid bugs. Functional weeds and intercropped water bamboo (Zizania latifolia) also provide shelter for spiders, frogs, and parasitoid wasps, further improving natural pest control. Figure 2 Banker plant systems used in rice production. a The Zizania latifolia-Saccharosydne procerus-Anagrus spp. (ZSA) system, BPH refers to the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens; b Leersia sayanuka-Nilaparvata muiri-Anagrus spp. &Typhus chinensis (LNA&T) system (Adopted from Zhu et al., 2022)
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