International Journal of Aquaculture, 2025, Vol.15, No.3, 116-134 http://www.aquapublisher.com/index.php/ija 131 as units, but for lineages within species with significant genetic differentiation, if only "species" are protected and "lineages" are ignored, it may lead to the loss of evolutionary potential (He et al., 2022). Our results suggest that intraspecific genetic diversity should be included in conservation planning. For example, when formulating a watershed fish protection area, in addition to considering species richness, attention should also be paid to the diversity pattern within a single species such as marble goby. Only in this way can we ensure that protection measures not only focus on the survival of species, but also maintain the integrity of the biological evolution process itself. Another aspect is the management of alien species. Our research has also brought some new ideas in this regard. marble goby were introduced to China from abroad, and in the past people have always kept and managed it as a whole. But if it is actually divided into several lineages adapted to different environments, then you have to be careful when transferring fish between different regions. If you are not careful, bringing a "more easily spread" lineage to a new place may have an impact on the local ecology (Wantania et al., 2025). On the other hand, if marble goby have already invaded a certain place, studying its genetic background can also help us find the source. If it is found that these fish are very close to a lineage from a certain place of origin, then we can focus on preventing this lineage from being introduced again. This targeted approach may be more effective than managing the entire species in a general way. Therefore, using phylogenetic data in the management of invasive species is not only more scientific, but also makes prevention and control more targeted. Finally, from the macroscopic level of evolutionary biology, the study of marble goby provides a case for understanding fish adaptive radiation and speciation. The inland water system of Southeast Asia is complex and changeable, and is believed to have nurtured rich fish biodiversity (Wu, 2024). This study supports some viewpoints, such as the role of geographic isolation in promoting the differentiation of freshwater fish species, and the shaping of phylogenetic patterns by repeated connection and isolation of different water systems (Fu et al., 2021). These insights can be expanded to a larger scale: globally, freshwater fish often form many local lineages due to habitat fragmentation, which not only explains why there are so many freshwater fish species, but also reminds us to pay attention to the fate of these micro-evolutionary units. At present, global freshwater biodiversity is facing multiple threats such as habitat loss, pollution, and climate change, and species disappear every year (Jenkins et al., 2010). In such an urgent situation, systematic researchers should work closely with the conservation community to identify the most vulnerable and unique evolutionary lineages and give priority to their protection. This is the broader contribution of phylogenetic research to biodiversity conservation. 7 Conclusion Our study focused on the mitochondrial genome and phylogeny of the marble goby, and we came to some key conclusions. First, we sequenced the complete mitochondrial genome of the marble goby for the first time. Its size and genetic composition are similar to those of most bony fish. This set of data can serve as a basis for future studies of marble goby and other similar fish species. Second, we confirmed the phylogenetic position of the marble goby through phylogenetic tree analysis. It belongs to the family Channidae and the genus Channidae, and is an independent branch. This result not only supports the current classification system, but also helps us understand the relationship between genera within the family, and some previously unclear issues have also been clarified. Third, we found that there are some genetic differences between different groups within the marble goby. The upstream and downstream groups have some differences in mitochondria, but overall they still belong to the same species. This shows that there is indeed genetic diversity within it, but it has not yet reached the level of being divided into new species. Fourth, we also made a judgment on whether the marble goby is a single species. Based on the molecular data, it is reasonable to regard it as a widely distributed single species now. However, we also suggest that more methods can be used to further confirm it in the future to prevent the omission of cryptic species that may not have been discovered yet. Fifth, we conducted a regional phylogenetic study using the Mekong River as an example. The results showed that the populations of marble goby in different geographical units may have different lineages. This type of research can not only help us identify which
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