International Journal of Molecular Zoology, 2025, Vol.15, No.1, 29-37 http://animalscipublisher.com/index.php/ijmz 31 that play a key role in breeding hypoxia-tolerant strains (Liu et al., 2024). Some of the other primary objectives include improving reproductive capacity, disease immunity, and genetic variability to produce input for sustainable aquaculture as well as conservation (Liu et al., 2020; Nayak, 2020; Su et al., 2022). 2.3 Established genetic populations and pedigree management systems Genetic population patterns in Channa for development and management are the design of SNP markers and DNA barcoding information that can be employed to undertake population genetic analysis, selective breeding, and pedigree control (Liu et al., 2023; Laskar et al., 2025). Captive breeding tools such as hormone-induced spawning of Channa bleheri have been effectively utilized in aquaculture and conservation with effective monitoring of genetic diversity and breeding performance to avoid inbreeding and healthy stocks (Nayak, 2020; Su et al., 2022). Such technology and systems are important for successful pedigree management and sustainable breeding of Channain the long term. 3 Technical Systems and Progress in Artificial Breeding of Channa 3.1 Application and limitations of traditional selection methods Traditional selection methods in Channa breeding, such as the application of natural spawning and selection for evident traits, are to be blamed for seed production and broodstock improvement. These activities are inexpensive and easy to carry out but with low genetic improvement, environmental susceptibility, as well as challenges in maintaining genetic diversity. Continued dependence on nature breeding for seed stock constrains Channa aquaculture scalability and reliability to require more emphasis on artificial seed production and better selection processes in a bid to respond to industry demands and deliver quality consistency (Debbarma et al., 2022). 3.2 Advances in hybrid breeding, sex control breeding, and polyploidy breeding Some of the recent developments in breeding Channa are the application of artificial gynogenesis with successful induction of northern snakeheads as all-female populations with improved growth and commercial quality. It not only overcame the issue of deterioration of germplasm but also allowed introduction of favorable genetic material. Breeding protocols through hormone induction have also been improved for repeated spawnings within a year and improved fecundity rates. These hybridization, sex determination, and breeding cycle manipulations advances have augmented the genetic weaponry of Channa enhancement and render the enhanced strains accessible to aquaculture (Rath et al., 2023; Tang et al., 2024). 3.3 Exploration of disease-resistant breeding technologies While direct genetic selection for Channa disease resistance is as yet incomplete, improvements in larval rearing, broodstock management, and artificial feeding schedules have made stocks healthier and more robust. Improvements in weaning regimes and environmental manipulations reduce stress and mortality, indirectly enhancing disease resistance. Coupling of these management practices with imminent genomic tools can provide for targeted development of disease-resistant strains of Channa(Debbarma et al., 2022). 3.4 Examples of Selected Superior Strains and Their Industrial Applications Breeding schemes have evolved improved varieties of Channa using classical as well as new breeding methods. Northern snakehead gynogenetic strains show improved growth and commercial characteristics, and hormone-induced breeding schemes have allowed bulk production of Channa striata and Channa bleheri tomeet food and aquaria needs. Such developments have increased the degree of reliance for seed supply, encouraged Channa culture, and aided in the conservation of threatened species by easing pressure on the wild population (Rath et al., 2023; Tang et al., 2024). 4 Progress in Genomic Studies of Channa 4.1 Construction and annotation of reference genomes inChanna Outstanding success has also been achieved in the construction of high-quality reference Channa species genomes. An Illumina-assembled Northern snakehead (Channa argus) draft genome was constructed, yielding a 615.3 Mb genome with 19 877 predicted protein-coding genes, a valuable resource for functional and comparative study (Yi
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