International Journal of Molecular Zoology, 2025, Vol.15, No.1, 29-37 http://animalscipublisher.com/index.php/ijmz 32 et al., 2017). There has been a recent chromosome-scale assembly of the albino strain of C. argus was acquired by PacBio and Hi-C technologies, offering a 644.1 Mb genome and 24 high-contiguity chromosomes to support genetic, evolutionary, and conservation research (Zhou et al., 2022). For Channa asiatica, 23-chromosome and 722 Mb high-quality assembly was constructed through Illumina, PacBio, and Hi-C sequencing integration, and 23 949 protein-coding genes were annotated with over 96% functionally characterized (Liu et al., 2024). These materials are a good base on which schemes for Channagenetic research and breeding can be developed. 4.2 Development of transcriptome, resequencing, and SNP resources Transcriptome analysis was also coupled with genome sequencing to study functional genomics in Channa. Transcriptome analysis in C. asiatica indicated the induction of oxidative stress pathway under hypoxia, importance in mechanism studies of hypoxia tolerance (Liu et al., 2024). In C. argus, transcriptome sequencing with genome-wide association analysis (GWAS) identified sex-determining positions and candidate genes to facilitate the development of sex-specific markers for aquaculture breeding (Ou et al., 2024). In Channa maculata, a 50 K SNP array has facilitated the identification of nearly 46 000 good-quality SNPs, allowing population structure analysis, heritability estimation, and use of genomic selection models for growth traits (Cui et al., 2024). Such transcriptomic and SNP resource breakthroughs are fueling Channa's selective breeding and trait improvement. 4.3 Analysis of population genetic structure and genome-wide diversity Population genetic analysis with genome-wide SNPs and mitochondrial DNA markers has also shed more light on the genetic structure and diversity of Channa species. SNP-based analysis in C. maculata illustrated population structure and relatedness and illustrated that SNP panels selected by GWAS have the potential to greatly improve genomic selection accuracy for growth (Cui et al., 2024). Mitochondrial genome sequencing and phylogenetic reconstruction of Channa species revealed evolutionary associations, species limits, and genetic differentiation, and guided conservation and aquaculture management (Figure 2) (Zhou et al., 2019; Liu et al., 2023; Fatima et al., 2024; Purohit et al., 2024). The research concludes the importance of integrative genomic and molecular data to account for population diversity and breeding program planning in Channa. Figure 2 The phylogenetic analysis of Channa argus and other Channa fishes based on the mitogenome sequences (Adopted from Liu et al., 2023)
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