Animal Molecular Breeding, 2025, Vol.15, No.1, 29-38 http://animalscipublisher.com/index.php/amb 33 maximum feed efficiency and cut down on wastage, achieving economic as well as environmental sustainability (Table 3) (Rostichelli et al., 2020; Navarro et al., 2023). Table 3 Percent composition of components and nutrients calculated in the experimental diet during the initial phase of the fattening phase (Adopted from Rostichelli et al., 2020) Ingredients (%) Phytase matrix Gummatrix Phytase and gum matrix CON SN+P RN-P SN+G RN-G SN+P+G RN-P-G Corn 61.14 63.48 63.48 62.31 62.31 64.68 64.68 Soybean meal 46% 28.36 27.96 27.96 28.07 28.07 27.66 27.66 Limestone 0.76 0.8 0.8 0.81 0.81 0.84 0.84 Dicalciumphosphate 1.09 0.45 0.45 1.02 1.02 0.39 0.39 Soybeanoil 5.62 4.25 4.25 2.74 2.74 1.36 1.36 Salt 0.446 0.445 0.445 0.446 0.446 0.445 0.445 Mineral and vitamin supplement* 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300 DL-methionine 0.089 0.089 0.089 0.089 0.089 0.088 0.088 L-lysine 0.200 0.221 0.221 0.220 0.220 0.223 0.223 Phytase 0.000 0.010 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.010 0.000 Soygum 0.000 0.000 0.000 2.000 0.000 2.000 0.000 Inert 1.995 1.995 2.005 1.995 3.995 2.004 4.014 Dietcost (RS/kg) 1.347 1.296 1.289 1.317 1.239 1.264 1.179 Calculated nutrients ME (keal/kg) 3200 3200 3150 3200 2980 3200 2930 Crude protein (%) 18.00 18.00 18.00 18.00 18.00 18.00 18.00 Calcium (%) 0.64 0.64 0.50 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.50 Available phosphorus (%) 0.30 0.30 0.19 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.19 Total phosphorus (%) 0.51 0.40 0.40 0.51 0.51 0.40 0.40 Fat (%) 8.07 6.79 6.79 5.25 5.25 3.97 3.97 Digestible lysine (%) 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01 Digestible methionine (%) 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.41 Sodium(%) 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 3.4 Nutritional requirements of laying hens: adjustments during peak and late laying periods Laying hens require exact nutritional needs which also vary for peak and late laying stages. Peak production demands more phosphorus and calcium to continue eggshell formation and overall production. Suitable levels of non-phytate phosphorus (NPP) at around 0.439% provide healthy bones and firm eggshells (Gong et al., 2024). When hens reach the mature laying stage, energy and protein intake must be modified. The goal is to continue egg production without excessive weight gain, which negatively affects laying performance. Being in the proper balance of nutrients is essential to have consistent egg production and healthy hens throughout their productive life. 4 Strategies for Optimizing Feed Formulation 4.1 Traditional feed ingredients and alternative protein sources Corn and soybean meal have been mainstays of chicken diets for decades, offering nutrient value for production and growth. These conventional feedstocks, however, do not necessarily yield the best-balanced broiler protein profile. For augmenting poultry nutrition, added supplemental protein can be derived from plant- or animal-based sources. Such alternatives enhance digestibility, lower levels of anti-nutritional compounds, and encourage gut health, leading to better early growth (Ajao and Olukosi, 2024). Additionally, the use of alternative proteins can also lower dependency on traditional feed ingredients, thus promoting cost savings and sustainable agriculture. Diet variety ensures that poultry are adequately fed without impacting growth rates adversely.
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