Animal Molecular Breeding, 2025, Vol.15, No.1, 29-38 http://animalscipublisher.com/index.php/amb 32 3.2 Growth stage (4~6 weeks): balancing protein, energy, and micronutrient needs Nutritional focus at this stage is given to protein and energy balance, and sufficient micronutrients. This is paramount for muscle and bone development, as well as bone density, which requires proper adjustment of nutrients. Electrolyte balance with sodium and chloride levels at 0.15% and 0.23%, respectively, is required for growth and hydration (Deepak et al., 2017). Non-phytate phosphorus at approximately 0.439% is useful in mineral absorption and bone development. Amino acid concentrations must be balanced to balance fluctuating metabolite demands. Lysine, methionine, and threonine input balancing maximizes protein deposition and muscle growth, leading to increased feed conversion and overall production efficiency (Table 2) (Rostichelli et al., 2020; An and Kong, 2024). Table 2 Percent composition of components and nutrients calculated in the experimental diet for the initial phase of the growth phase (Adopted from Rostichelli et al., 2020) Ingredients (%) Phytase matrix Gummatrix Phytase and gum matrix CON SN+P RN-P SN+G RN-G SN+P+G RN-P-G Corn 57.80 60.18 60.18 59.01 59.01 61.38 61.38 Soybean meal 46% 31.11 30.70 30.7 30.81 30.81 30.40 30.40 Limestone 0.83 0.86 0.86 0.87 0.87 0.91 0.91 Dicalciumphosphate 1.33 0.70 0.70 1.27 1.27 0.63 0.63 Soybean oil 5.62 4.25 4.25 2.74 2.74 1.36 1.36 Salt 0.459 0.458 0.458 0.458 0.458 0.458 0.458 Mineral and vitamin supplement* 0.600 0.600 0.600 0.600 0.600 0.600 0.600 DL-methionine 0.023 0.021 0.021 0.022 0.022 0.021 0.021 L-lysine 0.221 0.228 0.228 0.228 0.228 0.235 0.235 Phytase 0.000 0.010 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.010 0.000 Soygum 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Inertmaterial 2.007 1.993 2.003 1.992 3.992 1.996 4.006 Dietcost (RS/kg) 1.422 1.370 1.363 1.391 1.313 1.338 1.254 Calculated nutrients ME (keal/kg) 3150 3150 3100 3150 2930 3150 2880 Crude protein (%) 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00 Calcium (%) 0.73 0.73 0.59 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.59 Available phosphorus (%) 0.35 0.35 0.24 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.24 Total phosphorus (%) 0.56 0.45 0.45 0.56 0.56 0.45 0.45 Fat (%) 8.00 6.71 6.71 5.17 5.17 3.89 3.89 Digestible lysine (%) 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08 Digestible methionine (%) 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.43 Sodium(%) 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 3.3 Fattening stage (7 weeks and beyond): strategies to improve feed utilization efficiency Once chickens reach the fattening phase, feeding is focused on using the feed efficiently to gain as much weight as possible at the least amount of feed cost. Their protein needs by now begin decreasing a bit, with their best rate being 18% to 19%-just enough to power growth without excess. Adequate energy consumption is also still essential, as energy powers effective feed conversion. It has been established that a dietary energy intake of about 2 800 kcal ME/kg maximizes growth and feed efficiency (Navarro et al., 2023). To achieve maximum economic efficiency, adjustment of feeding often involves lowering protein intake slightly but not changing energy intake. The ratio is in a manner that maintains maximum weight gain without overfeeding chickens to get to market-weight at the right time. Through variation in the nutrient ratio, producers get to achieve
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