Animal Molecular Breeding, 2025, Vol.15, No.1, 29-38 http://animalscipublisher.com/index.php/amb 31 consumption, and overall poor health in a very short period of time. There is a need to supply a uniform amount of fresh, clean water to support optimal physiological processes and poultry welfare (Classen, 2017). 3 Nutritional Requirements at Different Growth Stages 3.1 Chick stage (0~3 weeks): high energy and high protein requirements The first weeks of a chick's life are of the most importance in their growth and overall development. Feeding at this period is key to sustaining a healthy weight, strong skeletal build, and developing the digestive system appropriately. In order for proper growth, chicks require to take in an energetic and proteinous diet. It has been proposed by studies that for optimal early growth, dietary energy intakes of 2 600 to 2 800 kcal ME/kg are optimally supplemented by a crude protein content of around 20% (Maliwan et al., 2019). Amino acids constitute a key part of early chick nutrition. Lysine and methionine, both essential amino acids, play very important roles to play in modulating the rate of growth and the feed efficiency. Balanced feed that meets these amino acid needs can allow optimal chick growth as well as an effective immune system. Moreover, utilization of early nutrition methods-early post-hatch feeding-is applicable to ensure overall improved performance through the stimulation of early gut development and maximum nutrient uptake. Early interventions like these form the basis for future health and productivity (Table 1) (Maliwan et al., 2019; Rostichelli et al., 2020). Table 1 Percent composition of components and nutrient components calculated in the experimental diet for the initial phase of the chick stage (Adopted from Rostichelli et al., 2020) Ingredients (%) Phytase matrix Gummatrix Phytase and gum matrix CON SN+P RN-P SN+G RN-G SN+P+G RN-P-G Corn 54.07 56.44 56.44 55.27 55.27 57.1 57.1 Soybean meal 46% 36.07 35.67 35.67 35.78 35.78 35.46 35.46 Limestone 0.89 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.97 0.97 Dicalciumphosphate 1.56 0.93 0.93 1.49 1.49 0.86 0.86 Soybean oil 4.08 2.71 2.71 1.19 1.19 0.00 0.00 Salt 0.509 0.509 0.509 0.508 0.508 0.507 0.507 Mineral and vitamin supplement* 0.600 0.600 0.600 0.600 0.600 0.600 0.600 DL-methionine 0.029 0.028 0.027 0.029 0.029 0.028 0.028 L-lysine 0.186 0.194 0.194 0.193 0.193 0.199 0.199 Phytase 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.010 0.000 Soygum 0.000 0.000 0.000 2.000 0.000 2.000 0.000 Inertmaterial 2.006 1.979 1.990 2.010 4.010 2.266 4.276 Diet cost (RS/kg) 1.442 1.391 1.394 1.411 1.333 1.363 1.279 Calculated nutrients ME (keal/kg) 3000 3000 3950 3000 2780 3000 2730 Crude protein (%) 21.00 21.00 21.00 21.00 21.00 21.00 21.00 Calcium (%) 0.82 0.82 0.68 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.68 Available phosphorus (%) 0.40 0.40 0.28 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.28 Total phosphorus (%) 0.63 0.50 0.50 0.63 0.63 0.50 0.50 Fat (%) 6.41 5.12 5.12 3.59 3.59 2.46 2.46 Digestible lysine (%) 1.17 1.17 1.17 1.17 1.17 1.17 1.17 Digestible methionine (%) 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 Sodium(%) 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MjQ4ODYzNA==