Animal Molecular Breeding, 2025, Vol.15, No.1, 29-38 http://animalscipublisher.com/index.php/amb 34 4.2 Precision amino acid balancing and low-protein diet strategies Precision nutrition includes the formulation of poultry diets for specific amino acid requirements, improving efficiency and reducing environmental impact. One beneficial strategy is the formulation of low-protein diets with supplementation using crystalline amino acids so that birds receive adequate essential and non-essential amino acids (Selle et al., 2020). The manipulation of the lysine-to-metabolizable energy ratio also allows diet formulation to become more flexible, optimizing protein utilization. Precision feeding technologies take this approach a step further by modulating nutrient intake on a continuous basis to the requirements of the birds, improving feed conversion efficiencies and minimizing wastage (Bailey, 2020). 4.3 Application of feed additives Feed additives are key to poultry nutrition improvement, which translates into better health and feed efficiency. Probiotics, prebiotics, and exogenous enzymes are examples of additives that enhance nutrient utilization and gut health, resulting in better performance overall. Immune-boosting substances also allow birds to fight stress, disease, and stay highly productive (David et al., 2021). 4.4 Green feed and sustainable nutrition management Sustainable poultry nutrition aims at optimizing efficiency and reducing the environmental footprint. Nutrient bioavailability is maximized to ensure birds receive just what they need and not more. Strategies such as utilization of alternative proteins and precision feeding technologies reduce feed wastage and optimize resource use. All of these lead to environmental and economic sustainability through lower production cost and improved feed conversion ratio (Whitehead, 2002). 5 Impact of Nutrition on Chicken Health and Production Performance 5.1 Regulation of the immune system by nutrition Proper nutrition is needed for the provision of healthy immune systems in chickens. Vitamins and trace elements play a significant role in immunity stimulation and resistance to diseases. Deficiency in nutrients has been shown to impair immune functions, predispose the birds to infection, and lead to reduced productivity in general (Gaweł et al., 2022). Nutritional interventions started early in life, like early post-hatch feeding, have been shown to enhance immune function and survival. Moreover, feed supplementation with feed containing bioactive molecules and certain vitamins can also be utilized for the enhancement of the immune system and overall poultry well-being (Azeem et al., 2023; Choi et al., 2023) (Figure 1). Figure 1 Immunoreactivity role of polyphenolic compounds in broilers (Adopted from Choi et al., 2023) 5.2 Effects of feed on gut microbiota and digestive health A balanced diet affects directly gut health and digestion of chickens. Supplementation of agronomic by-products containing fiber, such as oat hulls, affects gastrointestinal function as well as improving digestibility of nutrients. Early nutrition strategies, i.e., post-hatch nutrition, play a critical role in developing gut microbiota as well as in
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