Molecular Pathogens, 2025, Vol.16, No.2, 45-52 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/mp 50 many solutions. A commonly used method is "gene stacking", which means combining multiple disease-resistant genes, so that rice can be more difficult to break by bacteria. However, if the bacteria continue to adapt to the new environment, it may still break through these defense lines, so this method is not 100% insurance. Figure 2 a: BB screening of ICF3 (TH-625-159 and TH-625-491) lines at ARI, Hyderabad, During Kharif, 2015-2016. Screening of selected ICF3 (TH-625-159 and TH-625-491) lines having Xa21+xa13+Pi54+Pi1 genes against local BB isolate (DX-020). ICF3 progenies were highly resistant against BB isolate (DX-020). TH: Tellahamsa- Recurrent parent (Susceptible); ISM: Improved Samba Mahsuri (Resistant); 159 and 491: ICF3progenies (TH-625-159 and TH-625-491). b: Blast screening of ICF3 (TH-625-159 and TH-625-491) lines at IIRR, Hyderabad, During Kharif, 2015-2016. Screening of selected ICF3 (TH-625-159 & TH-625-491) lines having Xa21+xa13+Pi54+Pi1 genes against local blast isolate (NLR-1). ICF3 lines were highly resistant against blast isolate (NLR-1). TH: Tellahamsa- Recurrent parent (Susceptible); NLR145- (Resistant check); HR12- (Susceptible check); 159 and 491: ICF3 lines (TH-625-159 and TH-625-491) (Adopted from Jamaloddin et al., 2020) 8.2 Enhancing genetic diversity in breeding populations To make rice more resistant to disease, the genetic diversity of breeding populations must be large enough. Different gene combinations can provide more resistance to disease. Nowadays, many people use molecular techniques, such as marker-assisted selection and genome editing, to introduce various disease-resistant genes into rice (Liu et al., 2021; Tao et al., 2021). Technologies like CRISPR/Cas9 can specifically change genes that are prone to illness. This not only enhances resistance, but also does not affect rice yield and quality (Ma, 2024). Finding more broad-spectrum resistance genes and using them in breeding will provide more options for future work. 8.3 Collaborative international efforts in rice disease resistance research Rice disease is a global problem, and international cooperation is crucial to better solve it. Countries share disease-resistant genes, technologies and research results, which can enable new varieties to be developed faster. Now many countries have cooperated together to find many useful disease-resistant genes and loci (Anwaar et al., 2024). These results are very important for breeding programs around the world. Moreover, through international cooperation, newly bred varieties can also be tested in different regions to see how they perform in different climates and planting conditions. This cooperation will not only accelerate the promotion of disease-resistant varieties, but also contribute to global food security.
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