Molecular Pathogens, 2025, Vol.16, No.1, 19-26 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/mp 22 Figure 1 PCN is the major antifungal compound produced by ZJU60 (Adopted from Chen et al., 2018) Image caption: a: Predicted secondary metabolite gene clusters in the ZJU60 genome using anti-SMASH. b: Disruption of the PCN biosynthesis cluster phzA-H completely abolished the antagonistic activity of ZJU60 towards Fg in a co-culture assay. c: Effects of ZJU60 and ΔphzA-H on the growth inhibition of Fg in planta. d: Predicted PCN biosynthesis pathway in ZJU60. e: Identification of phenazine compounds and their relative amounts in the supernatant of ZJU60 by LC-MS. f: Mycelia growth inhibition curve by PCN or PCA at various concentrations. g: Growth inhibitory activity exerted by PCN or PCA on Fg at final concentration of 15 µg/mL and 25 µg /mL (Adopted from Chen et al., 2018) 5.2.2 Organic amendments and soil conditioners Another approach is to use organic modifiers, such as “disease-resistant composting”. These materials can improve the organic matter content in the soil, increase the number of microorganisms, and promote the development of good bacteria that produce disease-resistant ingredients. If organic improvers are used together with biological control bacteria, the effect will be stronger. This can also use less chemical pesticides and is more environmentally friendly (Bonanomi et al., 2018; Corato, 2020). 5.2.3 Crop rotation and intercropping practices Crop rotation and intercropping are also very effective methods. Studies have found that diversified cultivation can increase the species and number of good bacteria in the soil, especially those that secrete antifungal substances (Topalović et al., 2020). This kind of practice can change the composition of soil microorganisms, allowing more beneficial bacteria to stay, thereby reducing the number of bacteria. 5.3 Challenges in microbiome-based disease management Although the microbiome has great prospects in disease prevention, there are also many difficulties. Now traditional agriculture is not combined with these new technologies enough, which slows down the use of microbiome (Yadav et al., 2023). In addition, the soil, climate and crop types are different in different places, and the composition of microbiota is also different, which makes unified application more difficult. To solve these
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