Molecular Pathogens, 2025, Vol.16, No.1, 19-26 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/mp 20 are known as endophytes. Representative endophytic bacteria, such as Serratia and Enterobacter, have been shown to help wheat resist pathogens like Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, the causal agent of take-all disease (Durán et al., 2018). Although less studied, the phyllosphere also hosts unique microbial communities that contribute to wheat health. 2.2 Functional roles in nutrient cycling and disease resistance These microorganisms not only exist, they also have many uses. They can help plants absorb nutrients and fight bacteria. At the roots, there are some beneficial microorganisms that secrete antibacterial substances that can inhibit pathogens like Rhizoctonia solani (Peralta et al., 2018). In this way, wheat can absorb more nutrients and is less likely to get sick. Some bacteria are particularly powerful, such as Pseudomonas. They have strong antifungal ability and are related to the disease resistance of wheat (Herms et al., 2024). Different wheat varieties can attract different good bacteria, and these microorganisms can make wheat more adaptable to the environment and less sick (Dilla-Ermita et al., 2021). 2.3 Factors influencing microbiome composition in wheat Many things can affect the composition of wheat microbiome. First of all, there are varieties of wheat itself. Different genotypes will attract different microbiota, which will affect the wheat's disease resistance and growth. In addition, the pH of the soil and the amount of fertilizer will also change the type of root microorganisms, thereby affecting their ability to inhibit bacteria (Andargie et al., 2023). Agricultural management methods, such as crop rotation, can also increase the number of good bacteria in the soil and make wheat healthier. Nowadays, people still use biological control agents, such as Streptomyces, to adjust the structure of root microbial organisms. Doing so can help plants grow better and reduce diseases (Araujo et al., 2019). 3 Mechanisms of Disease Suppression by Wheat Microbiomes 3.1 Direct inhibition of pathogens by microbial metabolites Some microorganisms around wheat can secrete antibacterial substances and directly fight pathogens. Microorganisms in some soils can produce antifungal components that can prevent bacterial growth and are a green agricultural prevention and control method (Peralta et al., 2018). In some “disease-inhibiting soils”, Bacteria such as Serratia and Enterobacter have been shown to suppress Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt) in vitro, which have strong direct disease resistance (Durán et al., 2018). There have also been studies that certain Bacillus strains isolated from wheat seeds can strongly fight nystatin-producing fungi, which can significantly reduce fungal infections (Solanki et al., 2021). These results show that some microorganisms can directly control bacteria by relying on the substances secreted by themselves, which is very helpful for disease prevention and control. 3.2 Indirect suppression through plant-induced resistance In addition to directly “knocking” bacteria, microorganisms can also “teach” how to prevent diseases in wheat. Some root microorganisms can activate wheat’s own defense mechanisms and improve its immunity. For example, some rhizosphere microorganisms can enable wheat to initiate a series of anti-fungal responses that come from certain special gene clusters in plants (Carrión et al., 2019; Wang et al., 2021). This interaction between plants and microorganisms is like preparing wheat in advance, enhancing its innate immunity and adding a layer of protection. 3.3 Competitive exclusion and niche occupation There is another way to prevent diseases from microorganisms, which is to “take up position”. They squeeze out the germs by occupying space and grabbing resources. This method is called “competitive exclusion”. In some soils with strong disease resistance, studies have found that the composition of microbiota is more important than the type. Some wheat varieties will attract specific good bacteria, which can reduce the attack ability of pathogens such as Rhizoctonia solani, thereby reducing the disease (such as a low score is a signal). Another situation is that multiple good bacteria form a “consortium” together, which can communicate and collaborate to enhance antibacterial effects and fight pathogens like Ggt together (Kerdraon et al., 2019; Méndez et al., 2021).
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