Journal of Vaccine Research, 2025, Vol.15, No.1, 45-55 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/jvr 53 (NSCLC). It can awaken the human immune system, help the body remember the characteristics of cancer cells, and may also reduce the possibility of cancer recurrence. Unlike traditional treatment methods, vaccines can expand the range of immune action and continuously assist the body in fighting cancer. If vaccines are used in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors, radiotherapy or chemotherapy, the therapeutic effect may be better. Recent clinical trials and comprehensive studies have shown that this treatment method can keep the condition of some patients stable for a relatively long time and even prolong their survival time. The success of mRNA vaccines in treating other diseases has also made people more interested in using them to treat non-small cell lung cancer. At present, numerous studies are exploring its safety, therapeutic effect, and combined application with various therapies. Although these achievements have been made, the current research has also exposed many problems. For instance, the proportion of patients who respond effectively to the vaccine is not high, the tumor conditions are complex and variable, and there are still technical difficulties in the process of vaccine research and development and application. Most clinical trials are still in their early stages, with a small number of patients under study and no good randomization, so it is difficult to determine whether the vaccine will be effective in the long term. However, the results of the early trials still offer hope. More and more clinical trials are underway, which indicates that people believe that as long as they keep innovating and conduct serious research, all these difficulties can be overcome. To maximize the efficacy of therapeutic vaccines in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, professionals from various fields need to work together. This requires the joint efforts of oncologists, immunology experts, bioinformatics experts, and enterprises to develop higher-quality vaccines, screen out patients more suitable for vaccine treatment, and at the same time combine new means such as neoantigen discovery technology, mRNA technology platforms, and artificial intelligence. Only through such collaboration can those promising research achievements be transformed into truly useful and effective treatment plans, ultimately bringing new hope to patients with non-small cell lung cancer and improving the treatment outcome. Acknowledgments The author extends his sincere thanks to Dr Zhang for their feedback on the initial draft of this study. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The author affirms that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Reference Anichini A., Perotti V.E., Sgambelluri F., and Mortarini R., 2020, Immune escape mechanisms in non small cell lung cancer, Cancers, 12(12): 3605. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12123605 Awad M.M., Govindan R., Balogh K.N., Spigel D., Garon E., Bushway M., Poran A., Sheen J., Kohler V., Esaulova E., Srouji J., Ramesh S., Vyasamneni R., Karki B., Sciuto T., Sethi H., Dong J., Moles M., Manson K., Rooney M., Khondker Z., DeMario M., Gaynor R., and Srinivasan L., 2022, Personalized neoantigen vaccine NEO-PV-01 with chemotherapy and anti-PD-1 as first-line treatment for non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer, Cancer Cell, 40(9): 1010-1026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccell.2022.08.003 Batool S., Bin-T-Abid D., Batool H., Shahid S., Saleem M., Khan A., Hamid A., Mahmood M., and Ashraf, N., 2021, Development of multi-epitope vaccine constructs for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) against USA human leukocyte antigen background: an immunoinformatic approach toward future vaccine designing, Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 21(11): 1525-1533. https://doi.org/10.1080/14712598.2021.1981285 Baka S., Iraklis G., and Papadopoulou E., 2024, Novel vaccines against lung cancer, Current Opinion in Oncology, 37(1): 73-83. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCO.0000000000001102 Banda J., Gangane S., Raza F., and Massarelli E., 2025, Current development of therapeutic vaccines in lung cancer, Vaccines, 13(2): 185. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13020185 Brunsvig P., Kyte J., Kersten C., Sundstrøm S., Møller M., Nyakas M., Hansen G., Gaudernack G., and Aamdal S., 2011, Telomerase peptide vaccination in NSCLC: a phase II trial in stage III patients vaccinated after chemoradiotherapy and an 8-year update on a phase I/II trial, Clinical Cancer Research, 17: 6847-6857. Chen S.Y., Cheng S.D., Cai J.S., Liu Z., Li H., Wang P.Y., Li Y., Yang F., Chen K.Z., and Qiu M.T., 2024, The current therapeutic cancer vaccines landscape in non‐small cell lung cancer, International Journal of Cancer, 155(11): 1909-1927.
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