Journal of Vaccine Research, 2025, Vol.15, No.1, 34-44 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/jvr 41 establishing a complete medical system and enables the world to benefit from vaccine innovation, especially in the prevention and control of vector-borne diseases (Uddin and Roni, 2021; Leong et al., 2025). 7 Concluding Remarks Many significant achievements have been made in the research and development of vaccines for vector-borne diseases. Nowadays, a variety of vaccine technologies (such as inactivated vaccines, subunit vaccines, mRNA vaccines and viral vector vaccines) have entered the clinical trial stage or have already been put into use. Among the more prominent achievements are the approval of the dengue fever vaccine CYD-TDV and the progress in new research and development methods targeting pathogen and vector antigens (such as proteins in the saliva of arthropods). These new methods may provide broader disease protection. However, on the whole, the proportion of successful vaccine development is still not high. Only a few vaccines can be fully approved and supplied in large quantities. Many vaccines under development are facing problems in terms of protective efficacy, safety and protection duration. The development of vaccines for vector-borne diseases is fraught with difficulties. The biological characteristics of pathogens themselves are extremely complex, with diverse antigens, and our understanding of the immune mechanism is still not thorough enough. All these factors combined make it very difficult to find an effective direction for vaccine research and development. In addition, there are also many obstacles at the social and economic levels, such as low market returns, shortage of research and development funds, and inadequate infrastructure construction in resource-poor regions. These problems further restrict the research, development and promotion of vaccines, especially for those diseases that are often overlooked. Only by addressing these interwoven scientific and social issues can more people enjoy equal protection. In the future, to succeed in the prevention and control of vector-borne diseases, it is necessary to continuously improve vaccine technology. For instance, when developing new types of vaccines such as mRNA vaccines and viral vector vaccines, different research methods should also be employed, especially when dealing with disease-spreading insects. Collaboration and coordination led by international organizations such as the Global Vaccine Alliance are extremely crucial. They can assist in vaccine research and development, accelerate the trial process, and ensure that people all over the world can receive vaccines fairly. As long as all countries work together and vigorously promote technological innovation, the world will be able to more effectively prevent the threat of new diseases and reduce the damage caused by vector-borne diseases. Acknowledgments I extend my sincere thanks to Dr. Wang for their feedback on the initial draft of this study. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The author affirms that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Reference Al-Osaimi H.M., Kanan M., Marghlani L., Al-Rowaili B., Albalawi, R., Saad A., Alasmari S., Althobaiti K., Alhulaili Z., Alanzi A., Alqarni R., Alsofiyani R., and Shrwani R., 2024, A systematic review on malaria and dengue vaccines for the effective management of these mosquito borne diseases: improving public health, Human Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, 20(1): 2337985. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2024.2337985 Bailón L., Alarcón-Soto Y., and Benet S., 2022, Challenges of HIV therapeutic vaccines clinical trials design, Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS, 17(6): 345-351. https://doi.org/10.1097/COH.0000000000000767 Bekeredjian-Ding I., 2020, Challenges for clinical development of vaccines for prevention of hospital-acquired bacterial infections, Frontiers in Immunology, 11: 1755. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.01755 Boulton S., Poutou J., Martin N., Azad T., Singaravelu R., Crupi M., Jamieson T., He X., Marius R., Petryk J., De Souza T., Austin B., Taha Z., Whelan J., Khan S., Pelin A., Rezaei R., Surendran A., Tucker S., Brown E., Dave J., Diallo J., Auer R., Angel J.B., Cameron D.W., Cailhier J., Lapointe R., Potts K., Mahoney D., Bell J., and Ilkow C., 2021, Single-dose replicating poxvirus vector-based RBD vaccine drives robust humoral and T cell immune response against SARS-CoV-2 infection, Molecular Therapy, 30(5): 1885-1896. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.10.008
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