Journal of Vaccine Research, 2025, Vol.15, No.1, 34-44 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/jvr 40 There are also many social issues, such as people's lack of trust in vaccines and their reluctance to get vaccinated, as well as the lagging medical facilities. These have held back the implementation of the vaccination program. In areas with a high incidence of diseases, the system for transporting vaccines is poor, refrigerated transportation is inadequate, and health knowledge promotion is insufficient. So, it's hard for people to get vaccines and they have few chances to get vaccinated. To make a difference, everyone needs to join hands and work together to improve the medical system, invest more money, and find ways to make people more confident in getting vaccinated (Heaton, 2020; Hamisi et al., 2024; Weerarathna et al., 2024). 6 Innovation and Future Direction 6.1 Potential of mRNA and next-generation platforms mRNA vaccines have brought about significant changes in vaccine research and development. They are quick to produce, easy to grow in size during production, and can also generate a strong defensive response. During the COVID-19 pandemic, mRNA vaccines demonstrated high efficiency, safety, and flexibility in dealing with variant viruses, thus becoming a popular option for developing vaccines for various infectious diseases, including vector-borne diseases (Kowalzik et al., 2021; Szabo et al., 2022; Leong et al., 2025). With the continuous improvement of mRNA technology, delivery techniques such as lipid nanoparticles have also become more refined. With the help of computer-aided design, these vaccines have more uses and better effects, and can deal with new pathogens more quickly (Ramachandran et al., 2022; Kim et al., 2023; Fatima et al., 2024). Scientists are striving to develop a new generation of vaccine technologies, such as self-amplified RNA vaccines, circular RNA vaccines and microneedle patch injection, in an effort to enhance the immune-stimulating effect of vaccines, reduce side effects after injection and make vaccination simpler (Szabo et al., 2022; Straeten et al., 2023; Kim et al., 2023). These new methods are aimed at addressing the current challenges faced by vaccines, such as the need for numerous injections and the necessity of refrigerated transportation. In the future, they may make it easier for people in more parts of the world to access effective vaccines (Leong et al., 2025). 6.2 Thermal stability and feasibility of single-dose vaccines The development of heat-resistant vaccines is of vital importance because such vaccines can be stored and transported at higher temperatures without relying entirely on cold chain logistics-a major challenge for regions with insufficient resources (Uddin and Roni, 2021; Ramachandran et al., 2022). Recently, there have been many achievements. For instance, mRNA vaccines can be stably stored at room temperature for at least one week, and microneedle patch technology can maintain the efficacy of vaccines for several months. All these provide feasible methods for vaccination in remote areas and among scattered populations (Zhang et al., 2020; Straeten et al., 2023). The research and development of single-dose vaccines is also continuously advancing, with the aim of simplifying the vaccination process and increasing the vaccination rate. For instance, microneedle patches only require one operation to provide effective and appropriate doses of vaccines. The general public does not need the assistance of professional medical staff and does not have to visit the hospital multiple times for vaccination. These achievements can enable those who have difficulty accessing medical resources to participate in vaccination work more easily and effectively (Udin and Roni, 2021; Straeten et al., 2023). 6.3 Support global cooperation to promote fair access to vaccines International organizations such as the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations and the Vaccine Alliance play a crucial role in promoting global vaccine research and development, procurement, and fair distribution. These institutions provide financial support, promote scientific research and innovation, coordinate national actions, enable people in low-and middle-income countries to be vaccinated, and reduce disparities in vaccine access and reserves among different regions (Leong et al., 2025). These institutions have helped overcome the financial and transportation difficulties faced in vaccine promotion by funding research and development of next-generation vaccine technologies, developing heat-resistant vaccines and simplifying approval procedures. They adopt a cooperative model, which is of great significance for
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