Journal of Vaccine Research, 2025, Vol.15, No.1, 1-9 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/jvr 1 Research Insight Open Access Comparative Analysis of Vaccination Strategies in Poultry Production Jinya Li, Qibin Xu Animal Science Research Center, Cuixi Academy of Biotechnology, Zhuji, 311800, Zhejiang, China Corresponding author: qinbin.xu@cuixi.org Journal of Vaccine Research, 2025, Vol.15, No.1 doi: 10.5376/jvr.2025.15.0001 Received: 10 Nov., 2024 Accepted: 15 Dec., 2024 Published: 02 Jan., 2025 Copyright © 2025 Li and Xu, This is an open access article published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Preferred citation for this article: Li J.Y., and Xu Q.B., 2025, Comparative analysis of vaccination strategies in poultry production, Journal of Vaccine Research, 15(1): 1-9 (doi: 10.5376/jvr.2025.15.0001) Abstract This study explores the vaccination strategies in poultry farming, with emphasis on their roles in disease prevention, enhancing production capacity, and safeguarding public health. The types of vaccines are classified in this study, including attenuated live vaccines, inactivated vaccines, recombinant vaccines and nucleic acid vaccines. Their mechanisms of action, vaccination routes and targeted diseases, such as Newcastle disease and avian influenza, are also analyzed. This study further studies the strategic differences in vaccination timing, vaccination methods, and individual and large-scale vaccination approaches. The effectiveness is evaluated by considering the immune effect, feasibility and cost-effectiveness, while strictly examining problems such as antigen variation, biosafety risks and immunosuppression. Emerging technologies, such as RNA vaccines and precision immunization, are being explored as feasible solutions for future disease prevention and control. The conclusion of this review is to advocate a comprehensive strategy that combines vaccination with nutrition, genetics and policy support to achieve sustainable management of poultry health. Keywords Poultry vaccination; Vaccine strategies; Immunization technologies; Disease control in livestock; Cost-effectiveness 1 Introduction Vaccination is of vital importance in the health management of poultry and is a key means to prevent and control major infectious diseases that endanger the production and health of poultry flocks. The poultry farming industry, as an important source of global meat and egg supply, has always been threatened by pathogens such as viruses and bacteria. Vaccination is the main way to reduce the mortality and morbidity rates of poultry and minimize economic losses (Ravikumar et al., 2022). At present, there are various types of vaccines in use, such as attenuated live vaccines, inactivated vaccines, recombinant vector vaccines, subunit vaccines and virus-like particle vaccines (Garcia, 2017; Panting-Jackwood and Suarez, 2017; De Luca and Hess, 2024; Raji et al., 2024; Wang et al., 2024). These vaccines are of great significance for maintaining the health of poultry flocks, preventing the spread of diseases, and ensuring the sustainable development of poultry farming. The benefits of vaccination are not only about controlling diseases, but also have significant impacts on productivity, animal welfare and public health. Reasonable vaccination can reduce large-scale culling of poultry and the use of antibiotics, which not only improves animal welfare but also lowers economic losses (Azzouguen et al., 2020; Michel et al., 2023). At the same time, vaccination can also prevent zoonotic diseases, reduce virus transmission, ensure food safety and safeguard public health (Ravikumar et al., 2022; Astill et al., 2022). New vaccine technologies, such as virus-like particle vaccines and recombinant vector vaccines, have great potential in enhancing immune efficacy, ensuring safety, and achieving the distinction between infected and vaccinated animals, which is conducive to better disease surveillance and prevention and control (Pantin-Jackwood and Suarez, 2017; Wang et al., 2024; Gloanec et al., 2025). This study will comprehensively compare the current vaccination strategies in poultry farming, evaluate their effects, existing risks and future development trends. By summarizing the latest achievements and challenges in vaccine research and application, covering aspects such as vaccine types, vaccination methods, immune effects, and cost-benefits, it provides practical methods for poultry health management and also offers references for subsequent research and policy-making.
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