International Journal of Clinical Case Reports, 2025, Vol.15, No.4, 171-181 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/ijccr 177 treatment plans based on the genetic information, molecular characteristics and clinical manifestations of patients. With the development of pharmacogenomics, the improvement of risk assessment methods, and the application of multi-omics technologies, doctors can more accurately judge disease progression, evaluate treatment effects, and tailor treatment plans for each patient (Hlyan et al., 2024; Escalada et al., 2025). Future research should apply these precise tools to clinical practice, test their effects in different populations, and establish staged models to guide protocol selection and efficacy monitoring (Gogoi and Valan, 2024; Hlyan et al., 2024). Promoting interdisciplinary collaborative research and making full use of large-scale and diverse data are key to achieving the goal of precision medicine in CKD (Hlyan et al., 2024; Escalada et al., 2025). 6.3 The development of personalized management driven by digital and intelligent technologies Digital health technology and artificial intelligence (AI) are becoming increasingly important in the personalized management of CKD (Shen et al., 2019; Dong and Tan, 2024; Sabanayagam et al., 2025). AI can help doctors detect CKD earlier, predict risks and propose intervention suggestions. Electronic health tools and remote monitoring methods can also enhance patients' engagement and self-management ability (Shen et al., 2019; Sabanayagam et al., 2025). However, these technologies still face some challenges, such as uneven data quality, difficult model interpretation, poor integration with existing medical processes, compliance issues, etc. (Gogoi and Valan, 2024). In the future, more reliable AI models should be developed to protect patient privacy, promote telemedicine, and build a more friendly digital platform, thereby providing continuous and personalized care for CKD patients and improving long-term prognosis (Shen et al., 2019; Dong and Tan, 2024; Sabanayagam et al., 2025). 7 Concluding Remarks Chronic kidney disease is a condition that requires long-term management. Management should not only focus on renal function itself, but also attach importance to complications, other related diseases, and the quality of life of patients. Regular checks of renal function indicators, risk assessment and early intervention can help slow down the progression of the disease, reduce concurrent problems and improve treatment outcomes. As CKD often occurs simultaneously with other chronic diseases, the treatment process becomes complex. Therefore, a continuous and coordinated management approach is needed to cope with changes in the condition and meet the needs of different patients. From early screening to late treatment, this systematic management should run through the entire disease process. The current treatment guidelines emphasize the establishment of a unified diagnostic process, risk classification method and treatment plan to ensure the standardization and quality of CKD management. For instance, adopting the recognized GFR assessment formula and a scientific medication plan can help doctors more accurately diagnose the condition and take intervention measures. At the same time, due to the different causes, comorbidities and risk statuses of CKD patients, individualized treatment is equally important. Personalized dietary and medication strategies formulated based on the stage of the disease and the characteristics of patients have increasingly been regarded as an ideal approach to improving treatment outcomes and patient compliance. Multidisciplinary collaboration is an important foundation for the effective management of CKD. Nephrologists, general practitioners, nutritionists and pharmacists, among others, jointly formulate nursing plans, carry out health education and participate in treatment decisions, which helps to significantly improve clinical outcomes and enhance patient satisfaction. The future development directions include greater use of digital health technologies, enhanced patient engagement, and promotion of related research to optimize the treatment model that combines standardization and personalization. Continuous cooperation among medical staff, patients and researchers will help promote the continuous progress of CKD management and address the emerging new challenges. Acknowledgments The authors extend sincere thanks to two anonymous peer reviewers for their feedback on the manuscript.
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