International Journal of Clinical Case Reports, 2025, Vol.15, No.4, 159-170 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/ijccr 164 STOPP/START, Beers standards) to label potentially inappropriate drugs, recommend alternative drugs, and provide real-time support to doctors during the process of prescribing and reviewing drugs. These systems enhance the efficiency and consistency of drug review, reduce human errors, and help identify high-risk patients (Molokhia and Majeed, 2017; Kurczewska-Michalak et al., 2021). The adoption of electronic health records and CDSS can also better document drug changes, facilitate communication among multidisciplinary teams, and enable patients to manage their medication on their own through digital tools and applications. Although these technologies have promising prospects, they still need continuous improvement and inspection to fully exert their functions. At the same time, it is necessary to ensure that they are convenient for users and can be integrated into the clinical workflow (Molokhia and Majeed, 2017; Kurczewska-Michalak et al., 2021). 6 Domestic and International Practices and Policy Experiences 6.1 Best practices for integrated pharmacy management in developed countries Developed countries, especially those in Europe and the United Kingdom, have established comprehensive combination medication management programs, emphasizing regular drug checks, teamwork and patient-centered care. The Scottish National Multidrug Guidelines and the SIMPATHY project of the European Union are representative cases of promoting "rational prescription" and systemic change, which are achieved through holistic care, clear standards (such as STOPP/START and Beers standards), and consultation between doctors and patients (McIntosh et al., 2018). These programs are usually integrated into primary care, enabling pharmacists and family doctors to collaborate to improve medication arrangements and enhance patient safety (Figure 1) (Maair et al., 2020; Kurczewska-Michalak et al., 2021; Kardas et al., 2023). Figure 1 Percentage of the respondents reporting availability of polypharmacy management programs for the elderly across countries of Europe (Adopted from Kardas et al., 2023) Image caption: Countries with at least five responses to the benchmarking survey presented (therefore, Bulgaria, Finland, Latvia, Slovakia and Denmark are not included) (Adopted from Kardas et al., 2023) The key points of success include a good team atmosphere, sufficient personnel training, supportive policies and a complete information platform. Developed benchmark tools and online applications for comparing and enhancing the effectiveness, scalability and cost-effectiveness of different regional schemes, supporting continuous
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