Plant Gene and Trait 2025, Vol.16, No.1, 32-38 http://genbreedpublisher.com/index.php/pgt 37 8.3 Perspectives on functional gene editing for flower color traits By precisely regulating gene regulatory factors such as BnaPAP1 or BnaTT8, the target suit color can be stably expressed. Variations in regulatory regions such as BnaA07.PAP2 have also been used to expand the variety of rapeseed flower colors because it can affect the accumulation of anthocyanins in petals (Ye et al., 2022). Epigenetic editing technology has also made progress, enabling the dynamic regulation of flower-related genes when encountering environmental stress. Although these new technologies have made breeding more precise and flexible, their use in agriculture has also raised some ethical and regulatory issues that need to be taken seriously. 9 Conclusion This study introduces the main genetic mechanisms and regulatory methods influencing the flower color formation of rapeseed, with a focus on the roles of key genes such as BnaPAP1, BnaTTG1 and BnaCRTISO. These genes are respectively involved in the synthesis of anthocyanins and carotenoids, which are an important basis for the diversification of rapeseed flower colors. With the continuous development of new technologies such as CRISPR-Cas9, high-resolution GWAS and the combination of multi-omics, researchers have made breakthrough progress in finding genes and studying their specific functions. Future research needs to address some key issues in the recognition of flower color genes and make better use of these advanced tools available now. Combining multi-omics methods such as transcriptome, metabolome and epigenome is helpful for understanding how pigments are synthesized as a whole and how they regulate each other. Precise gene editing tools like CRISPR-Cas9 also offer brand-new possibilities for verifying key genes and regulating flower patterns. The dynamic interaction between genes and the environment is also a point worthy of attention, especially the role of factors such as the variation of cis-regulatory elements and epigenetic modifications. This is beneficial for a deeper understanding of how the color of petals changes and remains stable under different conditions. By combining these new technologies and methods, researchers can more efficiently identify key genes and cultivate high-value rapeseed varieties with specific flower colors. This is useful for a deeper understanding of the basic principles of pigment synthesis and also opens up new development directions for rapeseed in agricultural production and ornamental applications. Acknowledgments The authors sincerely thank Dr. Xie for reviewing this manuscript and providing valuable suggestions. Appreciation is also extended to the anonymous reviewers for their constructive feedback. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Chen D., Liu Y., Yin S., Qiu J., Jin Q., King G.J., Wang J., Ge X., and Li Z., 2020, Alternatively spliced BnaPAP2.A7 isoforms play opposing roles in anthocyanin biosynthesis of Brassica napus L., Frontiers in Plant Science, 11: 983. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.00983 Chen W., Miao Y., Ayyaz A., Hannan F., Huang Q., Ulhassan Z., Zhou Y., Islam F., Hong Z., Farooq M.A., and Zhou W., 2022, Purple stemBrassica napus exhibits higher photosynthetic efficiency, antioxidant potential and anthocyanin biosynthesis related genes expression against drought stress, Frontiers in Plant Science, 13: 936696. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.936696 Hao P., Liu H., Lin B., Ren Y., Huang L., Jiang L., and Hua S., 2022, BnaA03.ANS identified by metabolomics and RNA-seq partly played irreplaceable role in pigmentation of red rapeseed (Brassica napus) petal, Frontiers in Plant Science, 13: 940765. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.940765 He Z., Ji R., Havlickova L., Wang L., Li Y., Lee H.T., Song J., Koh C., Yang J., Zhang M., Parkin I.A.P., Wang X., Edwards D., King G.J., Zou J., Liu K., Snowdon R.J., Banga S.S., Machackova I., and Bancroft I., 2021, Genome structural evolution in Brassica crops, Nature Plants, 7: 757-765. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41477-021-00928-8 Jia L., Wang J., Wang R., Duan M., Qiao C., Chen X., Ma G., Zhou X., Zhu M., Jing F., Zhang S., Qu C., and Li J., 2021, Comparative transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses of carotenoid biosynthesis reveal the basis of white petal color in Brassica napus, Planta, 253: 8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-020-03536-6
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