Plant Gene and Trait 2025, Vol.16, No.1, 32-38 http://genbreedpublisher.com/index.php/pgt 35 Figure 1 Characterization of anthocyanin accumulation in leaves of purple rapeseed (Adopted from Chen et al., 2020) Image caption: (A-C) Different phenotype of young plant of PR (A) and ZS11 (B) planted outdoor and PR in the glass greenhouse (C). (D) Hand section of a young leaf of PR. Scale bar: 10 μm (Adopted from Chen et al., 2020) 6.2Role of BnaTTG1 in color modulation BnaTTG1 is a homologous gene of the TTG1 gene in Arabidopsis thaliana. It encodes something called the WD repeat protein and is an important part of regulating pigment synthesis. Research has found that BnaTTG1 can cooperate with two types of transcription factors, MYB and bHLH, to form a complex and jointly initiate the synthesis process of anthocyanins. Among different rapeseed varieties, the depth of petal color varies, indicating that gene regulation also affects the accumulation of carotenoids. Although BnaTTG1 is mainly responsible for regulating anthocyanins, it may also affect the stability of carotenoids and the overall coloring effect of petals through interactions with other regulatory pathways. The experimental data also show that the content of zeaxanthin and lutein, the two pigments, varies significantly among different varieties, indicating that the synthesis of these pigments is very complex (Figure 2). When the BnaTTG1 gene mutates and loses its function, the pigment in the petals will significantly decrease, indicating that it is very important for the stability and intensity of the pigment (Liu et al., 2020). Figure 2 Petal color and carotenoid pigmentations of the parents and their progeny (Adopted from Liu et al., 2020) Image caption: (a, b, c) An inflorescence from O271, Y409 and their F1 plant obtained with O271 as the female parent, respectively. (d, e, f) A flower from O271, Y409 and F1 plants, respectively. Scale bar = 1 cm. (g) Comparison of carotenoid contents in petals and leaves between Y409, O271 and yellow-flowered BC3 plants (C-BC3Y and A-BC3Y). Error bars represent the SDs from three measurements. Asterisks indicate significant differences: *P< 0.05 and ***P< 0.001 (Adopted from Liu et al., 2020)
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