Bioscience Evidence 2026, Vol.16, No.4, 277-290 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/be 287 Figure 4 Morphological characteristics of A. macrocephala at different growth years. A Rhizomes of 1, 2, 3, 5, and 10-year-old A. macrocephala (scale bar: 5 cm). U, M, and L denote upper, middle, and lower measurement positions. B Rhizome weight (means ± SD, n = 10). C Rhizome length (means ± SD, n = 10). D Upper, middle, and lower diameters (means ± SD, n = 10). Letters indicate significant differences based on one-way ANOVA (p< 0.05) (Adopted from Cui et al., 2025) 7.2 Standardized nutrient and water management The formation of high-quality rhizomes depends on both balanced nutrient supply and appropriate soil moisture. Therefore, nutrient and water management should support plant growth, rhizome development, and bioactive compound accumulation at the same time to improve both yield and medicinal quality. Nutrient management should focus on balanced fertilizer application rather than simply increasing fertilizer input. Rhizome yield has been reported to be positively associated with available phosphorus, available potassium, and
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