Bioscience Evidence 2026, Vol.16, No.4, 202-220 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/be 206 Mung bean seed coat polysaccharides also exhibit bidirectional immunomodulatory activity. In Caco-2 cells, hot water-extracted mung bean seed coat polysaccharides significantly inhibited the mRNA expression of IL-6 and TNF-α induced by LPS, indicating a direct anti-inflammatory effect on intestinal epithelial cells (Ding et al., 2025). In RAW264.7 macrophages, mung bean polysaccharides (MBP) enhanced phagocytic activity, promoted cytokine and NO production, and activated the TLR4, MAPK, and NF-κB signaling pathways. After treatment with pathway inhibitors, the levels of NO and TNF-α were significantly reduced, indicating that MBP regulates and shapes immune responses through the TLR4-mediated signaling pathway (Qin et al., 2022). In vivo studies further demonstrated that mung bean peptides can effectively relieve chronic intestinal inflammation. Mung bean peptides prepared by Neutrase hydrolysis not only showed good antioxidant activity in vitro but also increased survival rate, maintained intestinal structural integrity, and regulated amino acid metabolism and linoleic acid metabolism in a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced Drosophila intestinal inflammation model (Wang et al., 2025). In a DSS-induced mouse model of ulcerative colitis, mung bean peptides (MBPs) increased colon length, reduced histological damage and disease activity index (DAI), restored the expression of the tight junction proteins ZO-1 and Claudin-1, regulated gut microbiota composition, and decreased systemic inflammatory cytokine levels. These results indicate that MBPs protect the intestinal barrier while also regulating immune responses (Xu et al., 2025). 3.4 Current experimental evidence Various bioactive compounds in mung bean, including polyphenols, peptides, and polysaccharides, possess strong free radical scavenging and reducing abilities. The seed coat, which is rich in polyphenols, provides abundant bound phenolic compounds. Its DPPH radical scavenging activity, ORAC value, and ABAP inhibition activity all increased significantly with increasing concentration (Zheng et al., 2020). A comparative analysis of 24 mung bean varieties showed that higher contents of soluble phenolic compounds, especially vitexin and isovitexin, were associated with stronger DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities. This further confirms that phenolic compounds are the main contributors to the antioxidant activity of mung bean seeds (Wang et al., 2021) (Figure 1). Figure 1 Integrated assessment framework for nutritional composition, phytochemical properties, and application potential of different mung bean genotypes (Adapted from Wang et al., 2021)
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