Bioscience Evidence 2026, Vol.16, No.4, 277-290 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/be 279 smaller planting rhizomes. In contrast, very low sowing density provides more growing space for each plant but reduces the number of planting rhizomes produced per unit area. According to the Technical Regulations for the Cultivation of Atractylodes macrocephala (LY/T 2693-2016), the recommended seeding rate is 4~5 kg per 667 m² for row sowing and 7.5~10 kg per 667 m² for broadcast sowing. In practice, these rates should be adjusted according to seed germination, nursery soil fertility, and local sowing methods rather than applying a single standard rate. In vitro propagation can also be used to preserve elite germplasm and support large-scale seedling production. Happy et al. (2026) established a tissue culture system using shoot tips of A. macrocephala. Under optimized conditions, each explant produced an average of 17.5 shoots, and each regenerated plant developed about 21.2 roots after rooting treatment. The survival rate after acclimatization and transplantation reached 93.33%. The regenerated plants showed chlorophyll content, photosynthetic performance, and genetic stability similar to those of the mother plants, and atractylenolide I was also detected in their roots. Figure 1 Effects of seed and rhizome planting material quality on growth performance, yield formation, and quality accumulation of Atractylodes macrocephala 2.3 Cultivar selection for high-quality production The selection of cultivars or planting materials for A. macrocephala should consider yield, medicinal quality, disease resistance, and regional adaptability together. Selecting plants only because of their large rhizomes may result in high-yielding materials with low levels of bioactive compounds. On the other hand, selecting materials based only on a single chemical component may overlook field performance, survival rate, root rot resistance, and commercial appearance. Suitable planting materials should have uniform emergence, stable plant growth, high
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