Bioscience Evidence 2026, Vol.16, No.4, 221-234 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/be 229 Figure 3 Fruit quality of peach under different mulch treatments. (a) pictures of fruit mature stages under different treatments; (b) total sugar and total acid content of fruits at the young fruit and mature stages under different treatments; (c) sugar-acid ratio of fruits at the young fruit and mature stages under different treatments; (d) content of each sugar component groups at the young fruit and mature stages under different treatments; (e) content of each acid component at young fruit and mature stages under different treatments. S1, the young fruit stage (30 April 2022); S2, the fruit mature stage (30 June 2022); BF, black ground fabric mulch; HV, living hairy vetch mulch; RG, living ryegrass mulch. Boxes with different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between different mulch treatments at the same stage based on the LSD test (p < 0.05) (Adopted from Guo et al., 2024) 5.4 North China peach production region 5.4.1 Ten-year monitoring of soil fertility in shandong peach orchards Li et al. (2023) conducted a 10-year monitoring program on soil nutrient inputs and soil fertility in the major peach-producing areas of Shandong Province. The study systematically evaluated the long-term effects of fertilizer management on orchard soil quality. Production records from multiple representative orchards were collected to analyze changes in soil organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and overall soil fertility. After the adoption of scientific fertilization and increased organic fertilizer application, soil organic matter increased steadily, and overall soil fertility improved from a relatively low level to a medium-to-high level. Long-term dependence on chemical fertilizers often caused nutrient imbalance in traditional peach orchards, whereas increasing the proportion of organic fertilizer improved soil structure and enhanced soil water and nutrient retention. 5.4.2 Survey of 290 peach growers in Pinggu, Beijing Li et al. (2022) conducted a large-scale survey of the peach industry in Pinggu District, Beijing. A total of 290 peach growers were investigated, and life cycle assessment was used to compare the environmental impacts of different orchard management practices. The survey showed substantial differences in fertilizer management among growers. Some orchards applied excessive nitrogen fertilizer. Although high nitrogen input promoted vegetative growth in the short term, it did not increase fruit yield and instead raised the risk of nitrogen losses. By optimizing fertilizer management, including reducing nitrogen application, increasing the proportion of organic fertilizer, and adjusting the balance between basal and topdressing fertilizers, growers were able to maintain or even increase yield while improving partial
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