Bioscience Evidence 2026, Vol.16, No.4, 316-328 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/be 325 compounds and aromatic amino acid levels, whereas the treatment with 10% wolfberry branch residues significantly increased methionine content. The characteristic aroma of shiitake mushrooms is mainly associated with the formation of specific volatile compounds. 1-octen-3-ol is an important contributor to the typical mushroom aroma of fresh shiitake, while sulfur-containing compounds such as lenthionine are key substances responsible for the characteristic aroma of dried shiitake mushrooms (Qin et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2021). The formation of these volatile compounds is closely related to lipid, amino acid, and sulfur metabolism in fruiting bodies, and substrate nutrient conditions can influence the accumulation of these precursor substances. 6 Case Studies of Substrate Management Models in Major Shiitake Production Regions in China 6.1 Qingyuan, Zhejiang: forest-mushroom co-development system Qingyuan County in Zhejiang Province is one of the important origins of artificial shiitake cultivation in China and represents a typical region where traditional log cultivation has gradually shifted toward modern bag-based cultivation systems. Relying on abundant forest resources in mountainous areas, Qingyuan has developed a “forest-mushroom co-development” model that integrates forest resource utilization with shiitake production. In 2022, the “Qingyuan Forest-Mushroom Co-development System in Zhejiang Province” was recognized by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) as a Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System, reflecting the long-term interaction between shiitake production and ecological resource utilization in the region. The development of the shiitake industry in Qingyuan has also been a process of continuous adjustment in substrate resource utilization. Early log cultivation mainly depended on natural wood resources. However, with increasing requirements for forest resource protection and production efficiency, shiitake cultivation gradually shifted toward sawdust-based bag cultivation systems. In modern substrate systems, hardwood sawdust remains an important structural material. Its abundant lignocellulosic components provide continuous carbon sources for mycelial growth and help maintain suitable substrate porosity and water-holding capacity. With the expansion of the shiitake industry, several challenges have emerged, including insufficient supply of high-quality sawdust, increasing raw material costs, and differences in sawdust quality from different sources. Therefore, shiitake production in Qingyuan has gradually shifted from simple dependence on woody resources toward more efficient resource utilization strategies, including improving sawdust utilization efficiency, exploring agricultural and forestry residues as supplementary materials, and promoting recycling of spent mushroom substrates. 6.2 Xixia, Henan: large-scale standardized production Xixia County in Henan Province is one of the major shiitake production areas in China. Its industrial development reflects the transition from production expansion toward standardized management and quality improvement. After years of development, Xixia has established an integrated industrial system covering substrate material supply, mushroom bag production, cultivation bases, processing, and marketing. The local shiitake industry has developed from traditional log cultivation and bag cultivation toward standardized production, characterized by large-scale cultivation, standardized management, and industrialized operation. The shiitake production system in Xixia has implemented standardized management for mushroom substrate materials, auxiliary ingredients, and bag production processes. During production, particular attention is given to quality control of major substrate materials such as sawdust. At the same time, supplementary materials including wheat bran, gypsum, and cultivation bags are supplied under standardized systems to reduce variation among different production units. Xixia has promoted the standardization of mushroom bag production by regulating bag preparation procedures, optimizing production parameters, and strengthening process management. Related technical practices emphasize
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