Bioscience Evidence 2026, Vol.16, No.4, 304-315 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/be 310 from wild collection to ecological simulation cultivation and facility-based production. However, after environmental conditions are modified by human management, whether plant growth and medicinal compound accumulation are altered has become an important issue for high-quality production. Yuan et al. (2020) investigated D. officinale from the Dabie Mountains in Anhui Province and compared differences in growth environments and medicinal quality among three production systems: wild growth, simulated ecological cultivation, and intelligent greenhouse cultivation. The study materials included artificially cultivated D. officinale produced by Anhui Lu’an Tongji Biotechnology Co., Ltd., and naturally growing wild plants from the Dabie Mountains. Artificial cultivation materials were obtained through tissue culture and transplanted after 18 months of growth. Wild materials were collected from two-year-old plants naturally growing on cliff edges in the Dabie Mountains. Two-year-old stems were selected from all samples for analysis, and the contents of major medicinal compounds were determined. The researchers measured major medicinal components in stem samples from different cultivation systems, including polysaccharides, total alkaloids, and total flavonoids. Meanwhile, ecological data from different environments were collected to analyze the relationship between environmental variation and active compound accumulation. Significant differences in medicinal quality were observed among different growth systems, indicating that environmental conditions influence not only plant morphology but also the accumulation patterns of bioactive compounds. Wild environments usually involve more complex temperature fluctuations, light conditions, and water variations, whereas simulated ecological cultivation reduces artificial disturbance and partially maintains natural growth characteristics. In comparison, intelligent greenhouses can provide more stable temperature, humidity, and light conditions, but highly controlled environments may alter the growth rhythms developed during long-term adaptation. Therefore, quality formation of D. officinale does not simply depend on environmental stability; instead, an appropriate balance between environmental stability and ecological adaptation is required. 4.3 Effects of geographical origin and ecological background on chemical composition The medicinal quality of D. officinale is determined not only by cultivation practices and genetic characteristics but also by long-term adaptation to geographical origin and ecological environments. Different production regions vary in temperature, precipitation, light conditions, altitude, and epiphytic environments. These ecological factors influence plant growth, material accumulation, and metabolic regulation, resulting in differences in medicinal quality. Hu et al. (2020) investigated D. officinale germplasm resources from Zhejiang, Fujian, Yunnan, and Jiangxi provinces and compared the volatile compound profiles of different origins using GC-MS metabolomic analysis. Six materials were selected, including Zhejiang purple-stem (ZB1), Zhejiang green-stem (ZB2), Fujian purple-stem (FB1), Fujian green-stem (FB2), Yunnan purple-stem (YA1), and Jiangxi purple-stem (JA1). Total ion chromatograms and volatile compound profiles were analyzed to evaluate chemical differences among samples. Significant differences in volatile composition were observed among materials from different regions. A total of 101 volatile compounds were detected across the four regions, including 23 esters and 22 alcohols. Different origins showed not only differences in compound abundance but also regional characteristics. For example, the content of hexacosane in Yunnan material YA1 reached 34.41%, while it was only 23.41% in Jiangxi material JA1. Some medicinally related compounds were detected only in specific materials, indicating that ecological origin and genetic background influence the accumulation of characteristic compounds in D. officinale. Differences in geographical origin affect not only individual volatile compounds but also the overall metabolic patterns of D. officinale. Lan et al. (2022) conducted a metabolomic study on wild-simulated cultivated D. officinale from different origins. Using widely targeted metabolomics, the researchers analyzed metabolite composition among materials from different ecological backgrounds (Figure 3). The natural habitats of wild D. officinale in Danxia landform regions of Guangdong and Guangxi were investigated, and wild-simulated
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