Bioscience Evidence 2026, Vol.16, No.4, 304-315 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/be 307 conditions of approximately 11 000 lx, plants showed better biomass production, active compound accumulation, and overall quality performance. These results indicate that stronger light is not always beneficial, and an appropriate light range should be maintained during production. Different light wavelengths have different effects on plant growth and quality formation. Wang et al. (2017) studied the effects of different light qualities on D. officinale seedlings and found that blue light promoted stem thickening and chlorophyll accumulation, while red light enhanced plant elongation, biomass formation, and extract accumulation. Red and blue combined light improved photosynthetic efficiency and promoted the accumulation of quality-related compounds. Different light spectra can regulate sugar metabolism and polysaccharide biosynthesis processes, and red light has been shown to promote polysaccharide accumulation more effectively (Wang et al., 2024). Shade management is one of the most commonly used approaches for regulating light conditions in commercial production. Van-Nguyen et al. (2023) compared the effects of different shading levels on D. officinale growth and quality and found significant differences among plants grown under 30%, 50%, 70%, and 90% shading conditions. Moderate shading treatments, especially 50% and 70% shading, were more favorable for plant growth, biomass accumulation, and the production of polysaccharides and alkaloids. The light environment of D. officinale also shows clear seasonal variation. Li et al. (2025a) conducted long-term dynamic monitoring and found that carbohydrate accumulation in stems and leaves changed with seasonal variations in temperature and humidity. The period from October to April of the following year showed rapid sugar accumulation in stems, suggesting that shading management and harvest strategies should be adjusted according to seasonal environmental changes. 3.2 Temperature and humidity regulation Due to its special root structure, D. officinale is highly sensitive to air humidity and water availability. Excessively dry conditions may cause water loss, whereas excessive humidity can increase disease risks. Therefore, maintaining a suitable balance between temperature and humidity is essential for stable production. D. officinale has a special carbon assimilation strategy, and changes in water status can influence plant material accumulation. Zhang et al. (2014) found that under sufficient water conditions, D. officinale exhibited a combination of C3 and CAM photosynthetic pathways, while reduced water availability enhanced CAM characteristics to improve water use efficiency. Under facility cultivation conditions, precise environmental control has gradually become an important strategy for improving production stability. Ding et al. (2018) developed an environmental monitoring and control system for Dendrobium cultivation, in which temperature, soil moisture, air humidity, and light intensity were continuously monitored, and automatic equipment was used to regulate greenhouse conditions. Although the study focused on Dendrobiumplants in general, its technical approach provides valuable references for facility cultivation of D. officinale. Temperature, light, nutrients, and microbial interactions jointly influence plant growth and quality formation. Therefore, temperature and humidity management should be integrated with substrate regulation, water and fertilizer management, and biological approaches rather than controlled as isolated factors. 3.3 Substrate management Because D. officinale naturally grows on tree trunks and rock surfaces, its roots require a well-aerated environment. Therefore, traditional cultivation systems commonly use organic materials such as tree bark, moss, and coconut fiber as cultivation substrates. Different substrates vary in water-holding capacity, aeration properties, and nutrient release characteristics, which further influence plant growth and quality formation. Zuo et al. (2020) compared the effects of pine bark, coconut fiber, and a mixed substrate of pine bark and coconut fiber on the metabolic characteristics of D. officinale. Using metabolomic analysis, the study identified 529 metabolites and found clear metabolic differences among plants grown in different substrates. Among these metabolites, flavonoid compounds showed the most obvious changes. Pine bark treatment promoted flavonoid accumulation, and the differential metabolites were mainly enriched in flavonoid biosynthesis pathways. These
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