International Journal of Molecular Veterinary Research, 2025, Vol.15, No.1, 1-12 http://animalscipublisher.com/index.php/ijmvr 5 system. Co-evolution with pathogens is the pressure for the immunogenetic variation seen among the canid species, optimizing their immune response to the specific pathogens that they are exposed to in their habitat (Vinkler et al., 2023). Figure 2 High-altitude wolves likely carry ancestries from a diverged novel lineage (Adopted from Wang et al., 2020) Image caption: (A) Pairwise FST showed that high-altitude wolf (merging Tibetan wolf and Himalayan wolf) is more diverged with dog than is lowland. In this analysis, ten randomly selected samples for each population were used. Statistical significance was measured by Wilcoxon signed-rank test. (B) Best fitted model (without any f4 outliers) inferred by qpGraph shows that high-altitude wolf could be modeled as a population carrying 39% of ancestry from a diverged lineage that is basal to dog and lowland wolves (one Chinese wolf and one European wolf). African wild dog (AFD) was used as an outgroup. Branch lengths are shown in units of FST × 1,000 and dashed lines indicate inferred admixture events with admixture proportion reported beside the dashed lines. HAWs, high-altitude wolves; LDs, lowland dogs; TDs, Tibetan dogs; LWs, lowland wolves. Because this analysis assumed no gene flow between outgroup and inside population, and dhole and golden jackal have been reported to have gene flow with dog and gray wolf, we selected African wild dog to construct the admixture graph. (C) Neighbor-Joining tree constructed for genomic regions in high-altitude wolf showing of signal of "divergent" origin revealed by HMM with a cutoff of 0.8 posterior probability. Values at nodes indicate support in 1 000 bootstrap analyses (Adopted from Wang et al., 2020) 6 Immune System Genes in Domestic Dogs 6.1 Evolutionary history of domestication and immune function Domestication of dogs from wolf is a process that has taken approximately 32 000 years, and through evidence, it has been suggested that dogs have been under human selection for more than anticipated (Wang et al., 2013). Domestication for so long has caused deep genetic changes, such as those for genes related to the immune system. Domestication has also affected the immune system's ability to cope in diverse environments, including the African tropical environment. As a case in point, African indigenous dogs have developed genetic alterations that enhance their resistance against tropical parasites and encompass genes like ADGRE1, which plays a critical role in mediating protective host defense against infection (Liu et al., 2018).
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