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Intl. J. of Molecular Zoology, 2012, Vol.2, No.1, 1
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6
1.5.2 Group I
Studying the surface of the duodenal villi using scanning
electron microscope, some villi appeared sloughing with
their tips and other villi were seen to be deformed
(Figure 11). The villi of the duodenum of this group
showed distorted appearance with necrotic tips reflecting
ulceration (Figure 12). There was accumulation of
mucous on the surface of the villi (Figure 12).
1.5.3 Group II
The scanning electron microscope of this group
demonstrated the duodenal villi similar to that of
control group with intact tips and borders (Figure 13).
Figure 11 A scanning electron micrograph of 21-day-old pups,
group 1 (suckling pups + gliadin) showing some of the villi are
seen to be deformed (
↓↓
) and the other villi show slouphing
of their tips (
↓
), notice short villus( ) ( x 330).
Figure 12 A scanning electron micrograph of 21-day-old rat
pups, group 1 (suckling pups + gliadin) showing short villus with
necrotic tips (
↑↑
). Notice Villus surface with enterocyte
destruction (
↑
) and accumulation of mucous( ) (x330)
2 Discussion
As with many complex diseases, genetic and
environmental factors including diet, infections and
xenobiotics play a critical role in the development of
autism (Schultz et al., 2006). Additionally, it has been
shown that stress exacerbates autistic behaviours and
Figure 13 A scanning electron micrograph of 21-day-old pups,
group 2 (bovine colostrum + gliadin) showing duodenal villi very
similar to those of the control with intact tips and borders (↑). The
openings of the goblet cells are clearly seen
( )
(x 330)
that these effects may be due to abnormal regulation
of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis (HPA) and stress
hormones (Schultz et al., 2006). Our results revealed
the increased level of serotonin (33.3±0.244),
epinephrine (84.25±0.595) and norepinephrine
(184.29±8.44) in autistic pups study 1 due to mother
prenatal exposure to VPA. In a recent survey of 500
parents of autistic children, almost one-half reported
that their children had loose stools or frequent diarrhea
(Goodwin et al., 1971). Food intolerance was noted
particularly for wheat and casein. In an early study,
autistic children were coincidentally afflicted with
Coeliac disease, a disorder characterized by marked
atrophy of the intestinal villi caused by a response of
the intestinal immune system to gliadin, a peptide in
gluten (Lightdale et al., 2001). In accordance with the
previous studies ,our results with scanning electron
microscopy of 21-day-old rat pups ,group 1 (suckling
pups + gliadin) showing deformed villi and the
other villi show slouphing of their tips with short
villous (Figures 11, 12). In addition, distorted
appearance of the villi with accumulation of mucous
(Figure 12). Gluten-sensitive enteropathy (CD) is
characterized by intolerance to the cereal protein
gluten. The disease is found in individuals genetically
predisposed to having the HLA-DQ 2 molecule
(Mölberg et al., 1997). Our results revealed the
expression of
DQ2
in group 1 with 4.2 fold up
regulated as compared to control, whereas, 1.3 fold
expression in group 2 was estimated. This result
revealed that bovine colostrum could minimize the
expression of
DQ2
in autistic rats with coeliac disease.