Molecular Pathogens, 2025, Vol.16, No.2, 77-86 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/mp 82 7 Case Studies of Grapevine Disease Management 7.1 Successful management of downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) Downy mildew is caused by Plasmopara viticola, which is a very threatening to grape cultivation. To deal with this disease, many ways have been tried. One effective method is to use grape varieties with disease-resistant genes. For example, scientists found a gene called VriATL156 fromVitis riparia, an E3 ubiquitin ligase. After introducing it into Vitis vinifera, it was found that this gene could readjust the transcriptional response of grapes when bacterial infections, making the defense response faster and stronger. That is to say, when grapes encounter downy mildew bacteria, VriATL156 will initiate a series of signaling processes to help plants improve their immunity. This not only reduces the chance of disease, but also slows down the spread of the disease (Figure 2) (Vandelle et al., 2021). There is also a pathogenic effector called PvCRN11, which has also been found to stimulate the defense response of plants, which can promote immunity from outside the cells, which may also become a new method to prevent and treat downy mildew (Fu et al., 2023). In addition, combining the two resistance genes, Rpv1 and Rpv3, can greatly improve disease resistance and will not cause excessive plant reactions (Nascimento-Gavioli et al., 2017). This shows that combining multiple disease-resistant genes is a very effective way. Figure 2Plasmopara viticola-infected leaf disks fromVitis viniferacv (Adopted from Vandelle et al., 2021) Image caption: Shiraz plants transformed with the empty vector (EV) or with the VriATL156gene under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter (lines L1, L14). Samples were collected at 24, 48 and 96 h post-infection, stained with 0.05% aniline blue and observed by epifluorescence microscopy (magnification = 100×, bars = 100 μm) (a-i). Short arrows (in (a, d, g)) indicate germinating zoospores; long arrows (in (a, d, g)) indicate germ tubes infecting the leaf through stomata; asterisks indicate patches of irregular mycelium of P. viticola developing in the intercellular spaces; thin arrows (in (c, f, i)) indicate branched sporangiophores arising from stomata and bearing brilliant sporangia (Adopted from Vandelle et al., 2021) 7.2 Breeding grapevines resistant to grapevine leafroll-associated virus (GLRaV) Grape leaf roll virus (GLRaV) will reduce yield and will also affect the quality of grapes. In the past, people mostly relied on controlling transmission vectors such as aphids and maintaining vineyards to deal with it. But now, the development of breeding technology has brought new ideas. Some breeding programs have introduced rootstocks that can tolerate GLRaV. These rootstocks can reduce the spread of viruses in plants, thereby reducing
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