Molecular Pathogens, 2025, Vol.16, No.2, 53-60 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/mp 58 7.3 Practical application of exogenous signaling molecules (e.g., salicylic acid spraying) In addition to genetically modified technology, directly spraying some signal molecules is also a simple and practical method. For example, spraying salicylic acid (SA) on potatoes can activate the SA pathway in the body and help it better resist bacteria, especially Phytophthora infestans. Research shows that this exogenous SA can enable some disease-resistant genes and defense mechanisms to be activated in advance, just as plants themselves “feel” that there are bacteria (Breeze et al., 2023). This method is simple and low-cost, and can also be directly used during the planting process. It is a very practical method for disease prevention in agricultural production. 8 Conclusion 8.1 Summary of key advances in potato signaling pathway research In recent years, many new discoveries have been made in the study of how potatoes use signal pathways to fight bacteria. Among them, the StMKK5-StSIPK module is considered a key to the fight against Phytophthora pathogens. It can activate the two pathways of salicylic acid (SA) and ethylene (Eth), making the plants more resistant. In addition, experiments have also found that spraying SA or ethylene outside can quickly start the defense mechanism of disease-resistant varieties. This shows that different hormones will interact with each other and help plants prevent diseases. The study also found that MAPK signal chain reactions are also important in resistance, especially the part where StMPK7 and StMKK1 are involved, both of which are related to SA. There is also a protein called StRac1 that regulates the production of reactive oxygen species (H₂O₂), which is also important for resisting P. infestans. 8.2 Emphasis on leveraging signaling pathways for enhanced disease resistance These signaling pathways are studied not only to understand the principles, but also to find ways to make potatoes more resistant to disease. For example, we can use genetic technology to regulate key genes like StMKK5 and StSIPK, making them easier to activate the SA and ethylene pathways, thereby improving plant immunity. At the same time, combining hormone pathways such as ethylene, jasmonic acid and salicylic acid can also make the defense system stronger. By adjusting the expression of MAPK and StRac1, we can also develop more accurate disease-resistant strategies for targeting certain specific bacteria. 8.3 Future perspectives for research and agricultural applications Later research can focus on drawing the "full picture" of these signal networks clearly. How do different hormone pathways affect each other? Which genes work in the middle? These issues are worthy of in-depth research. This information is important to breed truly resistant potatoes. We can also use new technologies such as transcriptome and multiomics to find more regulatory factors to see if there are new genes that can be used as targets for improvement. These achievements can be directly used in breeding and agriculture in the future, helping us grow more disease-resistant and higher-yield potatoes, which is also beneficial for increasing grain yields and sustainable agricultural development. Acknowledgments Thanks to the two review experts for their suggestions on the direction of modification and improvement, and also thank you to the colleagues at Cuixi Biotechnology Research Institute for sharing the research materials. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The author affirms that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Breeze E., Vale V., McLellan H., Pecrix Y., Godiard L., Grant M., and Frigerio L., 2023, A tell tail sign: a conserved C-terminal tail-anchor domain targets a subset of pathogen effectors to the plant endoplasmic reticulum, Journal of Experimental Botany, 74: 3188-3202. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erad075 Cao W.L., Gan L.M., Shang K.J., Wang C.C., Song Y.Z., Liu H.M., Zhou S.M., and Zhu C.X., 2020, Global transcriptome analyses reveal the molecular signatures in the early response of potato (Solanum tuberosumL.) to Phytophthora infestans Ralstonia solanacearumand potato virus Y infection, Planta, 252: 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-020-03471-6
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