Molecular Pathogens, 2025, Vol.16, No.1, 36-44 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/mp 39 Figure 1 Ribonucleoprotein (RNP)-mediated CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing in potato (Adopted from Moon et al., 2022) Image caption: (A) Identification of target susceptibility (S) genes. Selection and design of two crRNA target sites in exon 1 of StSR4 in the potato cultivar Desiree. Black sequence, crRNA target sequence; red sequence, PAM site. (B) Indel efficiency at two target sites, depending on the concentration of the Cas9 protein and guide RNA (gRNA) in protoplasts. Values represent the mean ± SE of three replicated experiments. Student’s t-test; * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. (C) Efficiency of mini callus induction, depending on the concentration of RNPs in protoplasts. Callus growth as a function of RNP concentration: 20 µg, 10 µg, and 6 µg. (D) The T7E1 assay of mutations in protoplasts independently treated with SR4_1 and SR4_3 RNPs. Black arrow indicates the wild-type fragment; red arrow indicates indel-carrying fragments. (E) Schematic diagram showing the process of inducing plant regeneration from potato protoplast (Adopted from Moon et al., 2022) 5.2 Proteomics and metabolomics Proteomics mainly studies the role of different proteins in plants. When potatoes experience diseases, some proteins increase in the number of proteins, such as those associated with antioxidant or cellular signaling (Burra, 2016). These proteins are important for immune responses. Metabolomics focuses on various metabolites produced by plants when dealing with stress. For example, when pathogen attacks, potatoes accumulate some primary and secondary metabolites that can help it resist disease (Gomez-Casati et al., 2016). These two technologies can help us learn more about the process of plant defense.
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