Molecular Microbiology Research, 2025, Vol.15, No.2, 93-99 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/mmr 98 workable toolkit across gastrointestinal, metabolic, immune, and cancer contexts. Delivery science-oral protection, stimulus-responsive platforms, tissue targeting-has made these approaches more stable, more precise, and safer. What comes next rests on interdisciplinary teams: keep safety tight, match interventions to patients, and satisfy regulatory requirements. Blending synthetic biology with nanotechnology and advanced materials should extend capability and reach. Real-world impact will depend on rigorous safety evaluation, reproducible manufacturing, and delivery systems that genuinely fit their targets. If those pieces align, therapeutic microbiota will hold a durable place within precision medicine. Acknowledgments Members also thank the laboratory team for their support and cooperation. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Ali D.S., Othman H.O., Mohammed S.H., Hassan R.O., Faethullah Z.S., Kareem R.I., and Smaoui S., 2024, Nanobiohybrids and bacterial carriers: a novel pathway to targeted cancer therapy, Nano Futures, 8(3): 035001. https://doi.org/10.1088/2399-1984/ad7802 Cao Z.P., and Liu J.Y., 2020, Bacteria and bacterial derivatives as drug carriers for cancer therapy, J. Control. Release, 324: 396-407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.07.009 Charbonneau M.R., Isabella V.M., Li N., and Kurtz C.B., 2020, Developing a new class of engineered live bacterial therapeutics to treat human diseases, Nat. Commun., 11(1): 1738. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15508-1 El Hage R., Hernandez-Sanabria E., and Van de Wiele T., 2017, Emerging trends in “smart probiotics”: functional consideration for the development of novel health and industrial applications, Front. Microbiol., 8: 1889. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.01889 Feng Z., Wang Y.C., Xu H.H., Guo Y.F., Xia W., Zhao C., Zhao X.Z., and Wu J.H., 2022, Recent advances in bacterial therapeutics based on sense and response, Acta Pharm. Sin. B, 12(9): 3562-3577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsb.2022.09.015 Fooladi S., Rabiee N., and Iravani S., 2023, Genetically engineered bacteria: a new frontier in targeted drug delivery, J. Mater. Chem. B, 11(42): 8231-8247. https://doi.org/10.1039/d3tb01805a Han K., Xu J., Xie F., Crowther J., and Moon J.J., 2024, Engineering strategies to modulate the gut microbiome and immune system, J. Immunol., 212(2): 123-135. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.2300480 Juarez V.M., Montalbine A.N., and Singh A., 2022, Microbiome as an immune regulator in health, disease, and therapeutics, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 184: 114220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2022.114400 Kamath S., Bryant R.V., Costello S.P., Day A., Forbes B., Haifer C., Hold G., Kelly C.R., Li A.N., Pakuwal E., Stringer A., Tucker E.C., Wardill H.R., and Joyce P., 2025, Translational strategies for oral delivery of faecal microbiota transplantation, Gut, 74(4): 789-803. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2025-335077 Karimi M., Mirshekari H., Moosavi Basri S.M., Bahrami S., Moghoofei M., and Hamblin M.R., 2016, Bacteriophages and phage-inspired nanocarriers for targeted delivery of therapeutic cargos, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 106: 45-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2016.03.003 Li W.H., Zhang Z.F., Liu J., Wang B., Pu G.J., Li J., Huang Y.Q., and Chu M.Q., 2022, Nanodrug-loaded Bifidobacterium bifidumconjugated with anti-death receptor antibody for tumor-targeted photodynamic and sonodynamic synergistic therapy, Acta Biomater., 142: 341-356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2022.05.016 Li Y., Li X.M., Duan H.Y., Yang K.D., and Ye J.F., 2024, Advances and optimization strategies in bacteriophage therapy for treating inflammatory bowel disease, Front. Immunol., 15: 1298765. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2024.1398652 Lin D.W., Feng X.L., Mai B.J., Li X., Wang F., Liu J.X., Liu X., Zhang K., and Wang X.B., 2021, Bacterial-based cancer therapy: an emerging toolbox for targeted drug/gene delivery, Biomaterials, 277: 121118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials Mimee M., Citorik R.J., and Lu T.K., 2016, Microbiome therapeutics-advances and challenges, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 105: 44-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2016.04.032
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