Molecular Microbiology Research, 2025, Vol.15, No.2, 82-92 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/mmr 89 blueprint for rice disease resistance breeding and lay a technical foundation for future intelligent breeding based on genome design. 6 Case Study: Application of Rice Blast Resistance Breeding 6.1 Breeding process and material selection Rice blast is a major threat to rice production. Since the 1980s, China has built a breeding system focused on resistance-first strategy, combining major genes, multiple resistance genes, and proper field management. Figure 2 Susceptibility genes involved in basic compatibility and sustained compatibility during the host-pathogen interactions (Adopted from Huang et al., 2024) Image caption: a, b Examples of the S genes involved in the early infection process. OSK1, OsABA1/OsABA2/OsABA3, and OsSCAR2 negatively regulate stomatal immunity, stomatal conductance, and stomatal density, respectively. OsPG1, OsRBL1, and OsRacB/OsRac5/OsRac4 are involved in cell wall degradation, effector secretion, and formation of the extrahaustorial membrane, respectively. PA, phosphatidic acid; CDP-DAG, cytidine diphosphate diacylglycerol; PI, phosphatidylinositol; BIC, biotrophic interfacial complex; EIHM, extra-invasive hyphal membrane. c Examples of the S genes involved in compatible interaction during post-penetration stages of infection. OsPIP1;3 facilitates the secretion of the effector PthoXo1 into the host cytosol. OsImpα1a and OsImpα1b contribute to the translocation of bacterial TALEs into rice nuclei. The promoters of S genes, OsSWEET11, OsSWEET13, OsSWEET14, OsTFX1, OsERF123, and OsTFIIγ1, are targeted by various effectors. Arrows indicate positive regulation; the blunt-ended line indicates negative regulation. Created with BioRender (www. BioRender.com) (Adopted from Huang et al., 2024) Research institutes in China have used MAS to combine Pi1, Pita, and Pi2 into elite lines like “Huahui 1” and “Minghui 63,” which are good restorers for hybrid rice (Zhang et al., 2021). Wuhan University introduced Pi9 and the recessive gene bsr-d1 into high-quality japonica rice, such as “Wujing 26” and “Wujing 28” (Sahu et al., 2022). Material sources are now more diverse. Wild rice species like O. rufipogon and O. minuta offer resistance genes such as Pi9, Pigm, and Pizh. These have been transferred into cultivated rice successfully (Pedrozo et al., 2025). Gene editing to remove susceptibility genes, such as Pi21, is also used by local breeding institutes (Yang et al., 2023).
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