Molecular Microbiology Research, 2025, Vol.15, No.1, 10-17 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/mmr 14 (Mitoma et al., 2021). This shows that having a vaccine alone may not be enough, and there may be other factors behind it. Investigating the epidemic in these areas can also help us discover where there are problems in the existing prevention and control measures and provide clues for how to improve the next step. 6.2 Comparative analysis of immune gene expression in infected and uninfected groups Comparing whether there are differences in the expression of immune genes in the goats that have been infected and uninfected is a key point in studying viral responses. Earlier in the study of cattle, it was found that even if the same vaccine is given, the immune responses of different individuals are different, which may be related to genetics or other factors (Sitt et al., 2019). This difference may also exist in goats. By analyzing changes in these gene expression, we can find out which immune pathways are activated, which is helpful in developing more targeted treatments or new vaccines. 6.3 Effects of preventive measures and vaccination on gene expression Vaccination is definitely one of the key measures to control FMD. If you don’t get vaccinated, the risk is greater; if you get vaccinated, the immune system will be activated, especially CD4+ T cells will be activated and memory cells can be formed, laying the foundation for defending against "old opponents" in the future. Studies have shown that the levels of memory T cells induced by different virus strains are very different, indicating which strain is used for the vaccine and the effect is also different (Qin et al., 2024). In cattle experiments, this type of vaccine has been proven to produce long-term immunity. But whether the effect is good or not has a great impact on the individual's genetic background. If it is on the goat, the impact is probably similar. Therefore, when vaccinating different goats, you cannot have one-size-fits-all solutions. Especially since some varieties or individuals have poor reactions, they may have to consider changing the vaccine combination, or adding multiple vaccines to make up for this "innate gap" (Figure 2) (Mitoma et al., 2021). In addition, detection techniques such as flow cytometry are becoming more and more common. It can help us analyze different types of T cell changes, which is useful for evaluating vaccine effectiveness. Future research needs to further see how much impact different FMD virus strains have on the immune system. If gene screening or gene editing can be combined, it may also make the animals' vaccine response ability stronger (Peng et al., 2022). Figure 2 Frequency and phenotype of non-expanded FMDV epitope-specific CD4 T-cell populations ex vivo (Adopted from Mitoma et al., 2021)
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MjQ4ODYzNA==