Molecular Microbiology Research, 2025, Vol.15, No.1, 10-17 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/mmr 11 various proteins needed by the virus, including non-structural proteins involved in replication, as well as structural proteins that make up the viral shell (Lazarus et al., 2020). 2.2 Transmission routes and epidemiology FMDV can be spread in many ways. Contact between animals can be contagious, contaminated things can also be poisonous, and short-distance aerosols in the air may also spread. What’s even more troublesome is that the virus can survive in the environment for a while, which makes it less easy to prevent and control. From the perspective of epidemics, FMDV can easily cause large-scale outbreaks, not only affecting domestic animals, but sometimes even wild animals can be infected. Each epidemic will bring considerable economic losses, especially for the livestock industry (Rodríguez-Habibe et al., 2020). 2.3 Clinical manifestations and pathological features of fmd in goats Once a goat is infected with FMDV, it usually has fever and blisters, and common locations include hooves, mouth and nipples. Some goats will start to limp. Compared with other even-unged animals, goats have similar pathological manifestations, and blisters are the most obvious characteristics. These blisters sometimes break and are prone to infection after breaking, and the situation may become serious. However, the virulence of different strains is different, and the immunity of each animal is different, so the severity of the disease will also vary (Mitoma et al., 2021). 3 Immune Genes and Antiviral Response Mechanisms 3.1 Role of the innate immune system in fmdv infection Once FMDV invades, the innate immune system will take action first. This is the first line of defense for the body. It activates defense mechanisms by identifying the "pattern" of the virus, such as receptors such as TLR and RIG-I, which will be activated (Liu and Huang, 2024). In the experiment, the researchers used DAPI staining to check the nucleus and found that the distribution was even; and staining with cytokeratin can also clearly see the infected cells, indicating that these cells are in good condition and are suitable for subsequent analysis. In a group of cells treated with 3D-7414 siRNA, the signal of the FMDV-3D gene was significantly weakened. The control group (using the U6 snRNA probe) has a strong signal, which indicates that the viral RNA is still there. This shows that siRNA can effectively suppress the expression of viral RNA and thus prevent viral replication. These results further demonstrate that in the transgenic model of goats, innate immunity does play a key role when the virus first invades (Figure 1) (Li et al., 2015). Figure 1 Expression analysis of 3D-7414siRNA in epithelium cells (Adopted from Li et al., 2015)
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