Journal of Vaccine Research, 2025, Vol.15, No.1, 45-55 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/jvr 49 vaccines such as GV1001 and IDO have only achieved long-lasting immune responses and prolonged survival in a small number of patients. For the majority of patients, the effects are very limited if they do not cooperate with other treatments. Although dendritic cell vaccines can stimulate immunity, the therapeutic effect when used alone is not very good (Ingels et al., 2024). Figure 1 Vaccine manufacturing, clinical trial design, and neoantigen identification (Adopted from Ingels et al., 2024) Image caption: A: Overview of the Neo-mDC manufacturing process; (B) Design of Neo-mRNA; (C) Overviewoftheclinical trialdesign; Timepointsof peripheral bloodcollection areindicated: baseline, B, 2 weeksaftereachdose (ontreatment [OT1, afterfirst; OT2, after second; OT3, after third; OT4, after fourth dose] and post treatment [PT1, 3 weeks; PT2, 3 months; PT3, 6 months; PT4, 1.5 years]); (D) Patient flow diagram; (E) Number of clonal variants for each patient as identified by Mutect2 and filtered based on VAF; (F) Number of clonal missense (purple) and frameshift (teal) variants per patient; (G) Identified HLA alleles per patient. Purple indicates the HLA alleles that are expressed in the tumor; green indicates HLA alleles lost by the tumor; (H) Total numberofclonalvariantsthatyieldatleastonestrongbindingneoepitopesplitinexpressed (blue) andtotal (green); The black line indicatestheminimum number of four neoepitopes producing clonal variants; (I) Overview of validation results for each vaccine-included neoantigen across all vaccinated patients; Purple and gray squares indicate neoantigen 25-mers with or without epitopes that were detected through immunopeptidomics or elicited TIL responses, respectively. White squares indicate that no analysis was per formed; (J) Clinical event timeline from the time of NSCLC resection until time of death or end of follow-up (Adopted from Ingels et al., 2024)
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