Journal of Vaccine Research, 2025, Vol.15, No.1, 34-44 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/jvr 34 Case Study Open Access Vaccine Development for Vector-Borne Diseases: Case Studies and Challenges Tiantian Wang Shenzhen Kangtai Biological Products Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, 518063, Guangdong, China Corresponding email: wangtt@foxmail.com Journal of Vaccine Research, 2025, Vol.15, No.1 doi: 10.5376/jvr.2025.15.0004 Received: 15 Dec., 2024 Accepted: 25 Jan., 2025 Published: 16 Feb., 2025 Copyright © 2025 Wang, This is an open access article published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Preferred citation for this article: Wang T.T., 2025, Vaccine development for vector-borne diseases: case studies and challenges, Journal of Vaccine Research, 15(1): 34-44 (doi: 10.5376/jvr.2025.15.0004) Abstract This study explores the current situation of vaccine research and development for important diseases such as dengue fever, malaria, Zika virus and leishmaniasis. The research not only mentioned the existing achievements (such as the CYD-TDV vaccine for preventing dengue fever, as well as the RTS, S and R21 vaccines for preventing malaria), but also pointed out the existing problems, such as poor vaccine protection effect, incomplete understanding of the immune principle, and insufficient commercial promotion, etc. The research also discussed innovative research and development methods such as high-temperature resistant vaccines, one-dose effective vaccines, and new-generation vaccine technology platforms, and explained the role played by international organizations such as the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) and the GAVI Alliance in promoting fair vaccine distribution. Only by overcoming numerous difficulties in scientific research, regulatory review and social economy can the popularization of vaccines be accelerated and the harm caused by global vector-borne diseases (VBD) be effectively reduced. Keywords Vector-borne diseases; Vaccine development; mRNA vaccines; Immune evasion; Global health equity 1 Introduction Vecket-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue fever, Zika virus, chikungunya fever and tick-borne infections pose a huge threat to the health of people around the world, and the situation is particularly severe in tropical and subtropical regions. These diseases have caused a large number of humans and animals to fall ill or even die. Moreover, with climate change, the acceleration of urbanization and more frequent global personnel exchanges, the number of people suffering from such diseases is still on the rise. The World Health Organization has realized that the problem of vector-borne diseases must be addressed as soon as possible, because the continuous spread of diseases has brought heavy pressure to the global public health system and the economy (Kim, 2019; Al-Osaimi et al., 2024; Huang et al., 2023; Principi and Esposito, 2024; Wang et al., 2024). Vaccines are one of the most effective means of preventing and controlling vector-borne diseases. Although controlling the transmission medium and drug treatment can also reduce the spread of diseases, vaccines are the sustainable, cost-effective and labor-saving good way to manage and even completely eliminate these diseases in the long term. However, the number of vaccines for major vector-borne diseases that have been approved at present is very small. The development of new vaccines is crucial for countering the serious threat posed by emerging and re-prevalent pathogens (Al-Osaimi et al., 2024; Principi and Esposito, 2024). People are continuously researching various vaccine technologies such as inactivated vaccines, subunit vaccines, mRNA vaccines and viral vector vaccines. This also indicates that there is an urgent need to come up with new ways to protect vulnerable populations (Gebre et al., 2021; Huang et al., 2023; Wang et al., 2024). This study will delve into the development of vaccines for vector-borne diseases, and deeply explore the latest achievements, practical cases, and special challenges in this field. This study will also analyze the epidemiological impact and public health significance of vector-borne diseases, explore the current status of vaccine development, covering both traditional and new technologies, and share examples of vaccine development targeting major vector-borne pathogens. This study will analyze the scientific, transportation and storage, as well as regulatory approval issues that hinder the research and development and promotion of vaccines, and propose future research directions and policy recommendations, thereby enhancing the global capacity to respond to vector-borne diseases.
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