Journal of Vaccine Research, 2025, Vol.15, No.1, 23-33 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/jvr 29 6.3 Combine vaccination with public education and screening Combining HPV vaccination, public health education and oral cancer screening can better prevent cancer. Practice has proved that popular science activities targeting families, teenagers and medical staff can increase the vaccination rate and also enable people to have a better understanding of the risk of oral cancer (Wakim and Ramirez, 2020; Barsouk et al., 2023). Dental and medical professionals collaborating on projects can more effectively promote the importance of vaccination and enable more people to complete their vaccinations. Combining vaccination with regular oral check-ups, especially for high-risk groups prone to oral cancer, can not only prevent the occurrence of cancer but also detect it at its early stage (Kreimer, 2014; Harper and Goring, 2020; Barsouk et al., 2023). Public health campaigns should place greater emphasis on the potential long-term harms of HPV infection and the importance of getting vaccinated and having regular physical examinations. This can encourage people to take the initiative to prevent cancer and improve overall public health. 7 Future Directions and Challenges 7.1 Promote the accessibility and public acceptance of vaccines in low-income countries To reduce the global cancer pressure caused by human papillomavirus (HPV), it is particularly important to make HPV vaccines more accessible to low-income countries. Studies have shown that the protective effect of one dose of the HPV vaccine may be similar to that of several doses. In areas with tight resources, this one-shot approach not only saves money but is also easier to operate (Setiawan et al., 2023; Bao et al., 2024; Marut et al., 2025). Adopting a single-dose vaccination plan can make vaccine distribution simpler, cost less, and enable more people, especially those in areas with poor medical conditions, to have the opportunity to be vaccinated. However, nowadays many people are reluctant to get vaccinated, which is a big problem. Limited knowledge of HPV, influence by traditional concepts, and doubts about vaccines have all led to a low vaccination rate. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out publicity and educational activities based on local actual conditions to make people aware of the harm of HPV and the benefits of vaccination. Only in this way can more people who previously had no opportunity to be vaccinated be willing to get vaccinated (Marut et al., 2025). 7.2 Encourage long-term follow-up studies to confirm the effectiveness of vaccines in preventing oral cancer The current HPV vaccine has a good effect in preventing cervical cancer and other genital cancers. However, there is not enough research data on whether it can effectively prevent oral HPV infection and related cancers for a long time (Setiawan et al., 2009; Marut et al., 2025). Many studies have pointed out that even just one dose of the vaccine can provide protection for up to eight years. However, a longer period of follow-up observation is needed to determine whether its protective effect against oral cancer has always been so good (Bao et al., 2024). Future research should focus on conducting large-scale and long-term follow-up investigations to observe the oral HPV infection status and cancer status of vaccinated individuals for a long time. These findings can provide important basis for formulating vaccine strategies, help optimize vaccination programs, and ultimately confirm whether HPV vaccines can effectively reduce global cases of oral cancer (Setiawan et al., 2023; Bao et al., 2024). 7.3 Explore the development of broad-spectrum or therapeutic HPV vaccines Existing preventive HPV vaccines can effectively prevent new HPV infections, but have no therapeutic effect on already infected viruses and lesions. There is a particular need for therapeutic vaccines that can eliminate HPV viruses in the body and treat precancerous lesions or malignant tumors, especially for those who have already been infected with high-risk HPV (Hancock et al., 2017). Scientists are developing therapeutic vaccines targeting oncogenic proteins such as E6 and E7, hoping to activate human immune cells. Currently, several candidate vaccines have shown good results in clinical trials (Lin et al., 2010; Yang et al., 2016; Chabeda et al., 2017; Tang et al., 2022; Ji et al., 2024). Furthermore, if vaccines can prevent more carcinogenic HPV types and the vaccination methods can be improved, such as by using viral vectors or DNA technology, better protection can be provided to make up for the deficiencies of current prevention methods (Lin et al., 2010; Tang et al., 2022; Ji et al., 2024). Only by constantly
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