Journal of Vaccine Research, 2025, Vol.15, No.1, 10-22 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/jvr 16 the vaccine has added auxiliary components, the protective period can be prolonged in children. These different explanations require us to formulate different booster vaccination plans based on the characteristics of each vaccine to improve vaccine efficacy (Antia et al., 2018; Notary Public et al., 2021; Doyon-Plourde et al., 2023). 6.3 Can immune memory provide protection even in the absence of detectable antibodies Even if few antibodies can be detected in the body, immune memory, especially memory B cells and T cells, can still protect us from getting sick. Research has found that several months after vaccination, the number of memory B cells will continue to increase or remain unchanged. When the body encounters bacteria again, they can quickly transform into antibody-producing cells, enabling the body to rapidly generate an immune response (Goel et al., 2021; Mortari et al., 2021; Tereri et al., 2021; Goel et al., 2022). This means that even if there are few antibodies in the blood or they cannot be detected, a person is not prone to serious illness because immune memory can be awakened, antibodies can be produced again, and immune cells can be activated. Therefore, having a lasting immune memory is the key for vaccines to provide long-term protection for the body, and it is not only about the quantity of antibodies. 7 Strategies for Enhancing Long-Term Immunity 7.1 Strengthen vaccination strategies and the best timing for vaccination Getting a booster shot is to prevent weakened immunity. Studies have shown that getting a booster shot can significantly increase the number of antibodies in the body and activate the body's immune response. Especially for those who initially received inactivated vaccines, their immunity declined relatively quickly, and the effect of the booster shot was more obvious. The timing between the first vaccination and the booster shot is crucial. An appropriate interval can make the immune memory stronger, the immune response more lasting and effective (Kardani et al., 2016; Cheng et al., 2022). The vaccination plan for booster shots should be determined based on the type of vaccine, the infection risk of the population and the prevalence of the disease. For instance, getting two doses of inactivated vaccines first and then one dose of mRNA vaccine as a booster shot can enable the body to produce more neutralizing antibodies than constantly receiving the same vaccine, and it will not increase serious side effects. This indicates that timely and appropriate booster shots are both safe and effective (Cheng et al., 2022; Mallah et al., 2023). 7.2 Advantages and mechanism of heterogeneous prime-boost method The heterologous primer enhancement strategy refers to the use of different types of vaccines during the first vaccination and subsequent booster shots. Compared with the consistent use of the same vaccine, this approach can more effectively enhance the antibody immunity and cellular immunity of the human body (Lu, 2009; Radošević et al., 2009; Kardani et al., 2016). In the prevention of infectious diseases such as COVID-19 and dengue fever, this strategy can enable vaccines to trigger a stronger immune response, allow T cells to function better, and thereby provide more comprehensive protection (Chiu et al., 2021; Sapkota et al., 2021). For example, the combination of inactivated vaccines and mRNA booster shots, or the administration of adenovirus vector vaccines first followed by protein vaccines or mRNA vaccines, can all enable the human body to produce more lasting and stronger immune effects (Lin et al., 2020; He et al., 2021; Cheng et al., 2022; Mallah et al., 2023; Li et al., 2024). In principle, different types of vaccine combinations can stimulate the immune system in multiple aspects, promote antibody production, and activate T cells (Lu, 2009; Kardani et al., 2016; He et al., 2021; Li et al., 2024). Moreover, when the supply of vaccines is insufficient, this strategy is more flexible and can be adjusted according to the virus mutation situation and the needs of specific groups (Sapkota et al., 2021; Qiu et al., 2021). 7.3 Develop personalized vaccination strategies for specific groups of people Nowadays, people are increasingly aware that to ensure that all different groups of people receive long-term and effective immune protection, personalized vaccination plans must be formulated. Age, whether there are underlying diseases, and previous immune status, etc., all affect the efficacy of vaccines, so it is necessary to "prescribe the right medicine for the right disease" (Radošević et al., 2009; Cheng et al., 2022). For instance, the
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