Journal of Vaccine Research, 2025, Vol.15, No.1, 10-22 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/jvr 14 Although some research has achieved certain results, the influence of genes on the efficacy of vaccines has not been fully clarified. If the genetic markers related to the strength of vaccine response can be identified, personalized vaccination plans can be formulated based on each person's genetic profile to better protect everyone (Poland et al., 2014; Crooke et al., 2019). 4.3 Interference from potential diseases and immunosuppressations Having a disease or having a suppressed immune function, such as being infected with AIDS or having diabetes, can all reduce the effectiveness of the vaccine. These conditions can make the immune system function worse, reduce the generation of memory cells, and weaken the body's antibody response and cellular response to vaccines (Oh et al., 2019; Allen et al., 2020; Chen et al., 2024; Zhang, 2024). Therefore, for patients with chronic diseases and those undergoing immunosuppressive therapy, the effect of vaccination is often not good and the protection period is also short. To solve this problem, it is necessary to design a specialized vaccination plan based on the actual situation. For example, using more effective auxiliary components, increasing the dosage of the vaccine, or changing the vaccination method. Only in this way can people with poor immunity have a stronger immune response after vaccination (Allen et al., 2020; Chen et al., 2024; Hou et al., 2024). Next, more research is needed to find the most effective way to enable the vaccine to play a better protective role in this group of people. 5 Environmental and Behavioral Factors 5.1 Nutritional status and micronutrients Whether one's nutrition is good or not is directly related to the strength of the immune system. All kinds of nutrients that the human body needs play a key role in regulating the immune response. If essential nutrients such as vitamins (A, C, D, E) and minerals (zinc) are lacking, both the body's innate and acquired immune capabilities will deteriorate, and the immune memory effect produced after vaccination will also decrease, making people more prone to illness (Barrea et al., 2020; Tourkochristou et al., 2021; Altomare et al., 2024). On the contrary, adequate intake of these trace elements can help immune cells grow, divide and function, and also promote antibody production, making the immunity brought by vaccines more lasting (Tourkochristou et al., 2021; Altomare et al., 2024). Dietary patterns like the Mediterranean diet, which are rich in vitamins, minerals and active ingredients, have been proven to be beneficial to the immune system and the microorganisms in the gut, and can further enhance immune health (Barrea et al., 2020; Garcia-Montero et al., 2021). Although supplementing nutrients such as vitamin D and zinc may affect the immune response, the conclusions of different studies vary. Therefore, it is necessary to formulate a nutritional plan based on individual conditions to maximize the effect of the vaccine (Barrea et al., 2020; Tourkochristou et al., 2021). 5.2 Lifestyle factors affecting immune memory Long-term high stress, lack of sleep and lack of exercise and other lifestyle habits can all weaken immune memory and prevent the protective effect of vaccines from being maintained for a long time. Long-term stress or poor sleep can disrupt the normal operation of the immune system, cause inflammation, and also affect the formation of immune memory, resulting in reduced efficacy and protection duration of vaccines. Regular exercise can enhance immunity, help maintain immune memory, and also improve the types and quantities of intestinal microbiota (Strasser et al., 2021). To ensure the best efficacy of vaccines, especially for the elderly whose immunity naturally declines, it is recommended to maintain a healthy lifestyle, such as learning to regulate stress, ensuring adequate sleep, and persisting in exercise (Strasser et al., 2021). If these healthy habits can be combined with a balanced diet, it can also better enhance the immune capacity of the entire body and its mucous membranes. 5.3 The role of gut microbiota in immune regulation The microorganisms in the intestinal tract act like Bridges, connecting the nutrients we consume with the immune
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