Journal of Vaccine Research, 2025, Vol.15, No.1, 10-22 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/jvr 12 3 Vaccine-Related Factors 3.1 The impact of vaccine types on the duration of immunity Different types of vaccines have a significant impact on how long the immune response can last and how effective it is. Just like mRNA vaccines and protein vaccines with added auxiliary components, it has been proven that they can enable the human body to produce strong and long-lasting antibodies and also generate memory B cells. Moreover, vaccines with auxiliary components generally have better immune effects in terms of intensity and duration than those without auxiliary components. If inactivated vaccines are used in combination with powerful auxiliary components like AS03, the response range of memory B cells can be expanded and the duration prolonged. Attenuated live vaccines have long been renowned for their ability to simulate the natural infection process and provide people with long-lasting immunity (Ellebedy et al., 2020; Grigoryan et al., 2024). The selection of different types of vaccines will also affect the function of different B cells. For example, compared with vaccines without auxiliary components, inactivated vaccines with auxiliary components can not only activate the original immune memory of the human body, but also activate immature B cells that have not been exposed to antigens. In this way, the immune response is more comprehensive and lasts longer (Ellebedy et al., 2020). These differences indicate that choosing the right type of vaccine is crucial for achieving long-term immune protection. 3.2 The role of adjuvants in enhancing memory responses The auxiliary components added to vaccines play a crucial role in determining how strong the immune memory brought by the vaccine is, how effective it is, and how long it can last. Studies comparing the auxiliary components such as AS01, AS03, AS04 and alum have found that the auxiliary system containing specific components generally enables the human body to produce higher levels of antibodies, and the antibodies and antigens bind more firmly than vaccines using only alum. It can also prolong the response of memory B cells for a longer time (Budroni et al., 2021). In particular, AS03 has been proven to enhance the intensity of memory B-cell responses, prolong such responses, and increase the types of cells involved in the responses. Over time, it helps B-cells that can widely neutralize viruses develop and mature (Grigoryan et al., 2024; Lian et al., 2024). The auxiliary components in vaccines can enhance immune memory, which is related to activating the body's innate immune capacity. This activation process is crucial. It can help T follicular helper cells change and also transform B cells into plasma cells that can function for a long time. If the dosage of auxiliary components is increased, these effects can be made stronger, enabling people to achieve better and more lasting immune memory (Pal and Iyer, 2025). 3.3 The influence of administration routes and regimens on immune persistence The method and timing of vaccination are key factors in determining how long immune protection can last. Getting a booster shot, especially when the intervals are appropriate, can cause the body to produce more antibodies, and the response of memory B cells is also stronger and lasts longer, just like what is seen when children are vaccinated with influenza vaccines with added auxiliary components (Kazmin et al., 2023). The duration of the interval between each vaccination can affect the growth and maturation of memory B cells. Shorter intervals lead to a faster increase in the number of cells. A longer interval helps cells become more "powerful", allowing immune memory to last longer (Ellebedy et al., 2020; Kazmin et al., 2023). The effect of immune response varies depending on the way vaccines are administered. Take the intramuscular injection of vaccines with auxiliary components as an example. This method can enable the human body to produce strong and long-lasting antibody immunity and cellular immunity. However, at present, scientists are still exploring other vaccination methods with the aim of enhancing immune memory and improving the protective effect of the vaccine (Kazmin et al., 2023; Li et al., 2024). Therefore, when vaccinating everyone, carefully determining the dosage of the vaccine, properly arranging the intervals between two vaccinations, and choosing the appropriate vaccination method are all crucial for the long-term protective effect of the vaccine on the human body.
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MjQ4ODYzNA==