Journal of Vaccine Research, 2025, Vol.15, No.1, 1-9 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/jvr 7 poultry flock (Abdelaziz et al., 2024). In particular, the intestinal microbiota of poultry has a significant impact on vaccine efficacy and disease development (Astill et al., 2022). Through genetic selection and breeding of disease-resistant poultry breeds, combined with advanced vaccination strategies, the occurrence rate and severity of infectious diseases in poultry flocks can be further reduced. Promoting breeding programs with biotechnology and combining them with innovative vaccines provides a synergistic development path for achieving sustainable poultry farming, improving animal welfare, and reducing the use of antibiotics (Abdelaziz et al., 2024). 7 Concluding Remarks Vaccination has always been a key measure in preventing poultry diseases and enhancing the efficiency of poultry farming, and there are various strategies applicable to different poultry breeds, farming types and disease risks. Traditional inactivated vaccines, live vaccines, as well as new recombinant vaccines and vector vaccines have all been widely used, but their actual efficacy is affected by the vaccination method, vaccination time, and the degree of matching between the vaccine and the epidemic strain. Practice has shown that large-scale operation methods such as vaccination in hatcheries are more effective, enabling a large number of poultry to obtain higher and more balanced immune protection. However, getting vaccinated on the spot in the breeding farm is more labor-intensive and the immune effect is also likely to be uneven. Although there is a wide variety of vaccines, it is still difficult to achieve an ideal vaccination coverage rate, especially under different breeding models and for poultry species such as ducks and pearl chickens that have fewer vaccines in hatcheries. In order to effectively control diseases, it is very necessary to update vaccines in a timely manner to deal with antigen variations, unify the data on vaccine efficacy evaluation, and combine vaccination with disease surveillance and biosecurity measures. When conducting preventive vaccinations, special attention should be paid to poultry breeds that are prone to infection and areas with high disease incidence. The vaccination strategy should be combined with the local disease epidemic situation and the actual breeding situation. In areas with high disease threats and frequent outbreaks, implementing emergency vaccination programs, such as circular vaccination around the areas where the epidemic has occurred, can achieve good results. However, at the same time, it needs to be combined with rapid diagnosis and control measures. Cost-benefit analysis shows that the most effective strategy is to widely cover all kinds of poultry breeds and breeding types. Among them, vaccination in hatcheries has the highest cost performance in the comprehensive breeding system. For regions with scarce resources or where some vaccines are difficult to obtain, focusing on vaccinating breeding chickens, laying hens and broilers can also achieve herd immunity and reduce the risk of epidemic outbreaks. Only by continuously monitoring the efficacy of vaccines and the mutation of the virus can strategies be adjusted in a timely manner to maintain the protective effect. To enhance the effectiveness of poultry vaccination, it requires the collaborative efforts of veterinarians, farmers, researchers and policymakers. Interdisciplinary collaboration is crucial for the development of a new generation of vaccines, the improvement of vaccination techniques, and the integration of vaccination with nutrition supply, genetic breeding, and aquaculture management. At the policy level, the approval process for vaccines should be simplified, investment in the research and development of new vaccine technologies should be increased, and a complete monitoring and traceability system should be established to track the efficacy of vaccines and the development trend of diseases. Only by promoting cooperation among all parties and formulating scientific policies can the poultry farming industry better resist emerging disease threats, safeguard animal welfare and achieve sustainable development. Acknowledgments The author extends his sincere thanks to two anonymous peer reviewers for their feedback on the initial draft of this study. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The author affirms that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
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