Journal of Vaccine Research 2024, Vol.14, No.6, 307-315 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/jvr 313 The 2v-HPV vaccine is slightly better at preventing more serious conditions like CIN2/3 and cervical squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) over the long term. The 4v-HPV vaccine works well in the short term to reduce cases of anogenital warts (AGWs). The 9v-HPV vaccine also keeps antibody levels high for non-vaccine HPV types for up to 24 months. In comparison, antibody levels from the 2v- and 4v-HPV vaccines tend to drop over time. When choosing which vaccine to use, health agencies should consider the types of HPV most common in their region. The 9v-HPV vaccine is best for broad protection, especially in areas where types 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58 are common. In places where AGWs are a major concern, the 4v-HPV vaccine may be a better option. For regions with limited resources, cost-effectiveness matters. The 4v-HPV vaccine is usually more cost-effective than the 2v-HPV, unless the 2v-HPV offers longer protection and AGW rates are low. In school-based programs, especially in low-income areas, the 2v-HPV vaccine may still be a good choice if it's more affordable than the 9v-HPV. Future research should look at how long cross-protection lasts for the 2v- and 4v-HPV vaccines, since their effectiveness seems to drop over time. Studies should also explore whether vaccination could worsen outcomes in people already infected with HPV, as a few reports have suggested. Standardizing how immune responses are measured would help compare data across different studies. To raise vaccine coverage, public education efforts should highlight how HPV vaccines prevent cervical cancer and other diseases. The benefits of the 9v-HPV vaccine should be emphasized for broader protection. Campaigns should include both males and females and target a range of age groups to reduce the overall burden of HPV-related illnesses. Acknowledgments Thanks to all the collaborators and data providers participating in this study, and their support is an important guarantee for the smooth progress of this study. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Arbyn M., and Xu L., 2018, Efficacy and safety of prophylactic HPV vaccines: A cochrane review of randomized trials, Expert Review of Vaccines, 17: 1085-1091. https://doi.org/10.1080/14760584.2018.1548282 Bergman H., Buckley B., Villanueva G., Petkovic J., Garritty C., Lutje V., Riveros-Balta A., Low N., and Henschke N., 2019, Comparison of different human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine types and dose schedules for prevention of HPV‐related disease in females and males, The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2019: 013479. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013479 Beyer W., and Osterhaus A., 2020, Bivalent AS04-adjuvanted HPV vaccine provides optimal cancer prevention for HPV types not included in the vaccine, Vaccine, 38(51): 8141-8147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.09.015 Ciavattini A., Giannella L., De Vincenzo R., Di Giuseppe J., Papiccio M., Lukic A., Carpini D., Perino A., Frega A., Sopracordevole F., Barbero M., and Gultekin M., 2020, HPV vaccination: the position paper of the Italian Society of Colposcopy and Cervico-Vaginal Pathology (SICPCV), Vaccines, 8(3): 354. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8030354 Drolet M., Laprise J., Martin D., Jit M., Bénard É., Gingras G., Boily M., Alary M., Baussano I., Hutubessy R., and Brisson M., 2021, Optimal human papillomavirus vaccination strategies to prevent cervical cancer in low-income and middle-income countries in the context of limited resources: a mathematical modelling analysis, The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 21: 1598-1610. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30860-4 Durham D., Ndeffo-Mbah M., Skrip L., Jones F., Bauch C., and Galvani A., 2016, National- and state-level impact and cost-effectiveness of nonavalent HPV vaccination in the United States, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(18): 5107-5112. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1515528113 Faust H., Toft L., Sehr P., Müller M., Bonde J., Forslund O., Østergaard L., Tolstrup M., and Dillner J., 2016, Human papillomavirus neutralizing and cross-reactive antibodies induced in HIV-positive subjects after vaccination with quadrivalent and bivalent HPV vaccines, Vaccine, 34(13): 1559-1565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.02.019 Garland S., Kjaer S., Muñoz N., Block S., Brown D., Dinubile M., Lindsay B., Kuter B., Pérez G., Dominiak-Felden G., Saah A., Drury R., Das R., and Velicer C., 2016, Impact and effectiveness of the quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine: a systematic review of 10 years of real-world experience, Clinical Infectious Diseases, 63: 519-527.
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