Journal of Vaccine Research 2024, Vol.14, No.6, 278-286 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/jvr 284 track of who might need booster shots, especially people at higher risk. This would make vaccination programs even better. 7.3 Personalized vaccination approaches Different people react differently to vaccines. That's why we may need to make vaccination plans more personal. Changing the timing or dose of vaccines for certain groups—like people who don't respond well or people with higher risk of infection—could give stronger and longer protection (Gilca et al., 2013). For people with weak immune systems, higher doses, better adjuvants, and more frequent boosters might be needed to keep them safe (Klinger et al., 2018). In the future, tools like genetic testing might help doctors find the best vaccination plan for each person. This could help vaccines work even better and save money too. 8 Concluding Remarks Hepatitis B vaccines do a good job of protecting people. They help the body fight the virus by making both antibodies and immune cells. Even when antibody levels get so low that tests can't find them, the body's memory still knows how to fight HBV and can protect people for many years. But protection doesn't last the same for everyone. People with weak immune systems, or people living in places where not many get vaccinated, might lose protection faster. Vaccines have already helped a lot by lowering HBV infections, stopping the virus from spreading, and cutting down liver disease. Still, some questions remain. We are still trying to figure out if booster shots are needed and if new types of HBV might cause problems for current vaccines. The big drop in HBV cases shows how important it is to keep vaccination programs strong and to reach even more people. Giving the vaccine to everyone, especially in places where HBV is common, is key to meeting the World Health Organization's goals. Vaccination programs also save a lot of money, even in countries that don't have much money (Razavi-Shearer et al., 2018). We need better systems to watch how well the vaccines are working. We also need to find people whose protection is fading and check if they need booster shots. This is even more important for people who are at higher risk. Vaccination has done a lot to fight HBV. But there's still more work to do. Leaders and health officials should focus on making new vaccines that can protect against new HBV types and last even longer. They also need to build better tracking systems to spot problems early and help people who might need extra protection. Making vaccination plans that fit each person better—like changing the schedule or giving extra shots for high-risk groups —can make programs even stronger. Countries and health groups around the world should work together to solve these new challenges. If we keep making better vaccines, better tracking systems, and smarter vaccine plans, we can protect all the progress we've made. And someday, we might finally get rid of HBV for good. Acknowledgments Thanks to Dr. Liu in this project team for collecting and combing the literature during the study. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Ahonen A., Zhang Y., Marček T., Lumley J., Johnson D., Guris D., and Wilck M., 2022, Demonstration of durable hepatitis B immune memory in children vaccinated with a DTaP5-IPV-HepB-Hib infant-toddler series 7 to 8 years previously, Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 18(1): 2031482. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2022.2073747 Buti M., Viladomiu L., Jardí R., Olmos A., Rodríguez J., Bartolomé J., Esteban R., and Guardia J., 1992, Long-term immunogenicity and efficacy of hepatitis B vaccine in hemodialysis patients, American Journal of Nephrology, 12(3): 144-147. https://doi.org/10.1159/000168436 Chaiwarith R., Praparattanapan J., Kotarathititum W., Wipasa J., Chaiklang K., and Supparatpinyo K., 2019, Higher rate of long-term serologic response of four double doses vs. standard doses of hepatitis B vaccination in HIV-infected adults: 4-year follow-up of a randomised controlled trial, AIDS Research and Therapy, 16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12981-019-0249-8
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